Ophelia and Gertrude Essay

Ophelia and Gertrude Essay The traditional and widely acclaimed Shakespearean play Hamlet has two extremely conspicuous and significant female characters as the primary jobs, Ophelia and Gertrude. With regards to an amazement, they are comparable from numerous points of view. This article will educate the peruser about their similitudes or resemblance. It is very clear that both Gertrude and Ophelia are both inspired by affection and a longing for calm familial concordance among the individuals from their general public in Elsinore. Out of affection for her child does Gertrude prompt: Dear Hamlet, cast thy nighted shading off, What's more, let thine eye resemble a companion on Denmark. Don't for ever with thy vailed tops Look for thy respectable dad in the residue. (1.2) In like manner does she ask that the sovereign stay with the family: â€Å"Let not thy mother lose her supplications, Hamlet,/I ask thee remain with us, go not to Wittenberg.† Later, when the legends assumed â€Å"madness† is the enormous concern, Gertrude affectionately agrees with her better half in the investigation of her children condition: â€Å"I question it is no other however the primary,/His dads demise and our oerhasty marriage.† She trusts her family-supporting musings to Ophelia: â€Å"And as far as it matters for you, Ophelia, I do wish/That your great wonders be the upbeat reason/Of Hamlets wildness,† along these lines endeavoring to keep a caring relationship with the youngster of the court, despite the fact that the last is of a lower social layer. At the point when Claudius solicitations of Gertrude, â€Å"Sweet Gertrude, leave us as well;/For we have firmly sent for Hamlet hither,† Gertrude reacts meekly, â€Å"I will obey you.â €  Familial love is first among Gertrudes needs. When, at the introduction of The Mousetrap, she makes a solicitation of her child, â€Å"Come here, my dear Hamlet, sit by me,† and he rejects her to lie at Ophelias feet, Gertrude isn't irritated; her devotion to family abrogates such insults. She considers Rosencrantz and Guildenstern to be companions of her child, and just thus sends them to find out about him; she could never utilize them as Claudius later does trying to kill Hamlet. Also, even right now of her demise, her final words incorporate, â€Å"O my dear Hamlet.† Yes, Gertrude is genius family. Ophelia show extraordinary familial warmth In comparative design does Ophelia show incredible familial love, consenting to conform to the guidance of her sibling Laertes: â€Å"I will the impact of this great exercise keep/As gatekeeper to my heart.† When her dad, Polonius, makes request with respect to the â€Å"private time† which Hamlet has been providing for Ophelia, she answers energetically, â€Å"He hath, my master, recently made a huge number/Of his fondness to me,† and expounds relentlessly regarding the matter. Polonius demands that she â€Å"from this time forth† not â€Å"give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet,† and Ophelia obediently consents to his desires: â€Å"I will comply, my lord.† She later even gives him her adoration letters from Hamlet. At the point when she goes about as an imitation so that Polonius and Claudius can watch the sovereign, coming about in Ophelias rebuke by the hero, she by and by keeps him as the fundamental concentration in her life: â€Å"O , what a respectable brain is here oerthrown!† Her affection for sibling, father, sweetheart, and others for the most part, abrogate her adoration for self. Her regard for the assessments of close family is more prominent than her regard for her own suppositions even in the matter of her romance. Obligations of loved ones Another comparability between these two woman characters is that they experience the ill effects of a cutting off of the obligations of loved ones. Gertrude is disappointed with Hamlet when, with The Mousetrap, he agitates King Claudius: Guildenstern says to Hamlet, â€Å"The Queen, your mom, in most incredible torment of soul, hath sent me to you.† And when the saint meets with his mom, her anxiety is: â€Å"Hamlet, thou hast thy father much offended.† obviously, Gertrudes melancholy over the rulers upset is before long upstaged by her children slaughtering of Polonius behind the arras: â€Å"O me, what hast thou done?† and â€Å"O, what a rash and bleeding deed is this!† Gertrude, ignorant of Claudius murder of King Hamlet, tests the sovereign for the reason for the unsettling influence inside him: â€Å"What have I done, that thou darst sway thy tongue/In commotion so impolite against me?† and â€Å"Ay me, what act,/That thunders so noisy and ro ars in the index?† Even when Hamlet has harassed his moms soul with extraordinary pain, she despite everything attempts to save the mother-child relationship by alluding to him as â€Å"sweet†: â€Å"O address me no more! /These words like knifes enter in my ears. /No increasingly, sweet Hamlet!† Even after Hamlet has done impressive passionate harm (â€Å"O Hamlet, thou hast parted my heart in twain.†) Gertrude still attempts to shield the familial bond from being completely cut off by asking â€Å"What will I do?† and by not uncovering to Claudius that her child confused Polonius with his uncle. So also, Ophelia experiences the cutting off of the obligations of loved ones. She is damaged by Hamlets visit after the phantoms appearance, when he has accepted the â€Å"antic disposition,† with â€Å"his doublet all unbraced;/No cap upon his head; his stockings fould,† and different perspectives which cause him to show up as one â€Å"loosed out of hell.† Frank Kermode says that this â€Å"antic disposition† is a foil to Ophelias coming frenzy (1137). Polonius asks, â€Å"Mad for thy love?† and Ophelia reacts, â€Å"My master, I don't have a clue;/But genuinely, I do fear it.† This is a period of vulnerability for her, for she has put herself intensely in â€Å"the love for Hamlet, and her obedient love† (Coleridge 353). At the point when she later consents to be a draw for Hamlet with the goal that her dad and the lord can contemplate his lead in her essence, she feels the full loss of the rulers fondness for her: â€Å"Get thee to a religious shelter: why wouldst thou be a reproducer of heathens? [. . .] We are arrant miscreants all; accept none of us. Go thy approaches to a nunnery.† The severance of the binds with Hamlet cause her to appeal to God for help: â€Å"O, help him, you sweet heavens!† and â€Å"O magnificent forces, reestablish him!† and â€Å"O, poor me,/To have seen what I have seen, see what I see!† Later, as the Mousetrap starts, Ophelia promptly assents (â€Å"Lady, will I lie in your lap?†) to Hamlets laying his head on her lap: â€Å"Ay, my lord,† planning to some degree reestablish a withering relationship alongside the saints mental soundness. What's more, she can't be excessively pleasant in her endeavors with him: â€Å"You are on a par with a chorale, my lord,† and â€Å"You are sharp, my ruler, you are keen.† Male impacts Both Ophelia and Gertrude are misled by male impacts in the play. Ophelia is meddled with in her adoration life by her sibling Laertes, her dad Polonius and by Hamlet himself. She is introduced â€Å"almost completely as a victim† (Boklund 123).Gertrude is interfered with in her relationship with Claudius by Hamlet, by Laertes and by Claudius. The dismissal of Ophelia by the ruler, in addition to the loss of her dad at Hamlets hands, achieves franticness in Ophelia, and later in a roundabout way her demise. The shrewd ruses of Laertes and Claudius impact the inadvertent passing of Queen Gertrude, who assimilates the harmed cup. Passings Both Ophelia and Gertrude bite the dust accidental, unostentatious passings of no unique second. Villas demise and regal entombment by Fortinbras is in sharp complexity to the death of these women. Ophelias destruction is plugged by the sovereign: â€Å"One trouble doth track upon anothers heel,/So quick they follow; your sisters drownd, Laertes.† That Laertes ought to react with the inquiry, â€Å"Drownd! O, where?† appears to be strange, since the most intelligent inquiry from a friend or family member would be, â€Å"How?† or â€Å"Why?† The sovereign answers that â€Å"her pieces of clothing, overwhelming with their beverage,/Pulld the helpless reprobate from her musical lay/To sloppy death.† Laertes says quickly, â€Å"Alas, at that point, she is drownd?† and the sovereign significantly more quickly, â€Å"Drownd, drownd.† Until the response of Laertes and Hamlet in the grave, Ophelias passing appears to go practically unnoticed. Similarly, when Queen Gertrude later beverages from the harmed cup on the event of the Laertes-Hamlet challenge of foils, she encounters a snappy, calm demise: â€Å"No, no, the beverage, the drink,O my dear Hamlet,/The beverage, the beverage! I am poisond.† And there is no more to the issue, conceivably in light of the fact that every other person is kicking the bucket simultaneously. Another experience which both Ophelia and Gertrude share practically speaking is that they are both assaulted loudly by Hamlet. At the point when the ruler presumes that Ophelia is a draw (Coleridge 362), he lambasts her with: â€Å"Or, if thou shrink needs wed, wed a simpleton; for savvy men know all around ok what beasts you think about them. To an abbey, go, and rapidly as well. Farewell.† The Queen The sovereign likewise endures the worst part of Hamlets melancholic state of mind. After the â€Å"play inside a play† Gertrude requests to see her child, who comes quickly however not in an agreeability. At a certain point he is forceful to such an extent that she thinks maybe he is going to kill her: â€Å"A ridiculous deed! Nearly as terrible, great mother,/As slaughter a lord and wed with his brother.† This cautions the sovereign, who exclaims, â€Å"As murder a king!† in her dismayed mental state, quickly followed by â€Å"What have I done, that thou darst sway thy tongue/In clamor so impolite against me?† Hamlet leaves the sovereign in a genuinely spent condition: â€Å"I have no life to inhale/What thou hast said to me.† Both Ophelia and Gertrude have complex personality and inspiration, along these lines qualify as adjusted, not level or two-dimensional, characters (Abrams 33). Likewise the two ladies

Comparison of Two Restaurants Free Essays

string(36) utilize explicit lighting arrangement. Rundown Restaurants business one of significant sections of Hospitality industry in United Kingdom. This evaluation report for the most part centers around the examination of two distinction eateries base on food and refreshment standards and hypotheses. Here author chose McDonald’s Hanger path for inexpensive food section and O’Neill’s Ealing for top notch food fragments. We will compose a custom exposition test on Examination of Two Restaurants or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now Assessment process dependent on the author experienced of those two cafés and utilized dinner experienced check list arranged utilizing food and refreshment hypotheses and idea. Also, essayist made SWOT examination for every eatery for improve investigation outside and interior elements. Near investigation done utilizing a few themes for improve clear comprehend for perusers. Utilized contrast scholastic diaries, books and rumored site subtleties for convey proof to help the talk about focuses by recognizing significant writers of such important sources. What's more, information snatch during the class contributed more to finish this evaluation report. Noticeable focuses featured during the end for update peruser consideration for such focuses and end of report give suggestions to the two eateries to upgrade their business execution. There are principle two impediments of this report, first, all gave suggestions pertinent just to talked about two cafés and hard to summed up and second, larger part of focuses examined base on essayist experienced and that have probability of included of accidental individual one-sided. 1. Presentation 2012 cafés advertise update of keynote shows that market esteem increment 1. 7% during the 2011 contrast with 2010. Government educated that UK rising up out of downturn in this year by Wintour and Stewart (2012). This shows the making great business air inside the UK. Cafés are one of primary business part inside the friendliness business and it has a few kinds of classes, for example, quick nourishments, top notch food and ethnic exceptional. This report fundamentally centers around the look at and contrasts the two contrasts cafés, in light of the essayist supper experienced of those two eateries lastly attempt to gives recommendations that significant for improve client experience and offer of such cafés. Here author chose O’Neill’s Ealing for the most part for top notch eateries and McDonald’s Hanger Lane t for inexpensive food easygoing cafés. This near examination base on the author experienced of those two cafés and use Meal experience check list (See Appendix: 1) for assess these two eateries. These two eateries taking a shot at contrast advertise sections, anyway base on the food and drink hypotheses can without much of a stretch investigation and assess two cafés. 2. Review of Restaurants 2. 1. O’ Neill’s †Ealing O’Neill’s is one of cafés chain of Mitchells and Butlers PLC activity in England and they are specialization of Irish nourishments; anyway they offer both table d’hotel and A la carte menus. Other than eateries offices, O’Neill’s have bar area. This eateries under the non-hostage market and they have incredible quality from the mother organization that pioneer inside the UK for Restaurants and Pub including brands like † Harvester† and â€Å"all bar one† (www. mbplc. com). In any case, Ealing O’Neill’s need to separate itself to confront more noteworthy rivalry from encompasses eateries in Ealing zone (See Appendix: 2 for SWOT: O’Neill’s Ealing). 2. 2 McDonald’s †Hanger Lane (Near Quill Street) The world’s biggest brisk chain cafés and 1200 eateries situated inside the UK (www. cdonalds. co. uk). Anyway McDonald’s under semi-hostage food showcase since clients can decision just from offer other options. Open in 24 hours and drive through offices includes more quality for Hanger Lane McDonald’s separated from the presumed worldwide name. (See Appendix: 3 for SWOT: McDonaldâ€⠄¢s Hanger Lane) 3. Similar Analysis This near investigation and assessment doing in utilizing separate points and just consider the eateries part and not consider their extra exercises, for example, bar in O’Neill’s and drive through procedure of Mc Donald’s . 1. Administration System McDonald’s following inexpensive food administration framework and O’Neill’s following top notch food administration. McDonald’s consistently follow single point administration and remove administration; anyway O’Neill’s use waiter’s right hand frameworks. The two eateries administration are well support and give great help for clients. Cafés administration frameworks direct impact of the picture of the eateries and that improve the client steadfastness. (Ryuet al. 2012) 2. Staff Staffs of the two eateries are all around prepared and resolved to furnish full consumer loyalty with higher clean practices. All staff individuals wear legitimate clothing regulation and exceptionally pleasant and attempt to give best choices to clients. Seen that, McDonald’s staffs chiefly follows the grater normalized control methodology and O’ Neill’s staff greater strengthening for taken a few choices. Exceptionally normalized lead to more control of staff in Mc Donald’s (Ingram and Jones 1998). Representative strengthening upgrade client responsiveness and just as workers maintenance with association (Ashness and Lashley 1995). 3. Utilization of Special Equipment and Services Two eateries consistently attempt to utilize increasingly viable gear to lessen vitality utilization. McDonald’s utilizing high proficiency British Thermal Unit (BTU) fryer to decrease vitality utilization and give fast assistance to clients. O Neill’s additionally follow green idea and vitality utilization lessen system (Mitchell and Butler yearly report 2011). Card installment acknowledges by the two eateries that give increasingly advantageous for greater part of clients. 4. Feast Experience 3. 4. 1 Interior Arrangement, Decoration and Entertainment O’Neill’s inside structure and feasting region plan for progressively agreeable and exemplary route for maintenance clients additional time inside the eateries. Masterminded seating to encourage individual and business conversation among the clients and give slight ordinary music to give higher inclination to clients. Each Friday and Saturday O’Neill’s gives unrecorded music to clients. O’Neill’s give high class flatware and beautification all things considered. McDonald’s inside structure nearly low and give plastic seats and tables and no much expectation to keep clients long time in eateries because of idea of inexpensive food serving (Lillicrap and Cousins 2010). Clients repurchasing conduct and fulfillment profoundly rely upon client holding up time in quick nourishments chain outlet (Law et al. 004). In this manner, McDonald’s fundamentally center to give higher number of clients inside restricted time. O’Neill’s lighting courses of action similarly great and it give more fascination and solace to long haul conversation. Be that as it may, McDonald’s holder path doesn't uti lize explicit lighting game plan. You read Correlation of Two Restaurants in class Exposition models 3. 4. 2 Safety and Hygienic conditions are higher in the two eateries and shown the chamber testament, wellbeing notice, scorch and entire cafés spotless and clean. This is the last piece of the food gracefully chain and dominant part of clients accept that cafés keep up great clean conditions (Knight at el. 007). As indicated by the Mitchel and Butler yearly report, all food providers require to meet British Retail Consortium Global Certificate necessity and need to confront standard wellbeing and quality reviews. McDonald’s has own food quality reviews frameworks (www. mcdonalds. co. uk). 3. 4. 3. Food Price is significant factor for buying choice of buyer (Mendez et al. 2006). Seen that the two cafés gave great incentive to cash and this affirmed by scarcely any customers in two eateries just as essayist own accomplished. Be that as it may, O’Neill’s need t o consider their food cost for face rivalry in Ealing. Serious evaluating lead for value war and that can influence for long haul maintainability of business (Davis et al. 2008). 3. 4. 4 Food, Beverage and Menu O’Neill’s give eight contrast menus fundamentally center in Irish nourishments and give uncommon menu to children and Sunday. Then again, McDonald’s gave own menus fundamentally center around the inexpensive food classification. Two eateries consistently keep their menus inside some constraint with less variety. Be that as it may, O’ Neill’s menus are alluring and give full depiction for clients (see Appendix 4) (http://www. oneills. co. k/oneillsealing). O’ Neill’s gives nourishments ornamental route contrast with McDonald’s (see Appendix 5) and the two eateries give food sources in great temperature. Nourishments smell was awesome in the two cafés that upgrade craving of clients. Drink flexibly was awesome in the two eateries. 3. 4. 5 Customer Segments O’ Neill†™s significant client extend is individuals who like to go out with business conversation or companions or get a few capacities to meet each other’s. Anyway McDonald’s significant client run is individuals who rush to office or school with children and back to home at night. Recognize of client fragments is significant for support in business (Kotler and Keller 2006) 3. 4. 6 Location and Facilities Both cafés situated at advantageous spot to buyers, anyway McDonald’s Hanger Lane have excellent vehicle leaving offices O’Neill’s Ealing doesn't have. McDonald’s Hanger path situated close to the traffic shading lights that g

International Marketing(2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Marketing(2) - Essay Example The association of EITC or Du chiefly offered administrations, for example, fixed lines, portable administrations, internet providers, communication just as computerized TV benefits that improved its incomes and net gain by US$ 2.77 billion and US$ 540 million in the year 2012. Also, because of the introduction of shifted sorts of administrations, the brand picture and notoriety of the association upgraded by a noteworthy degree when contrasted with numerous other adversary players (Du, 2014). Haggling intensity of the client: the bartering intensity of the clients of Indian market is incredibly high. This is for the most part because of the nearness of various opponent players, for example, BSNL, MTNL, Vodafone, Airtel, Aircel and so forth. Accordingly, the association of EITC or Du need to offer new administrations at a serious rate so as draw in the clients of Indian market towards the brand when contrasted with others (Grant, 2010, pp. 110-123). Dealing intensity of the providers: the haggling intensity of the providers is very low. This is primarily on the grounds that; the marked and presumed associations consistently attempt to keep up a concurrence with the mainstream providers in order to achieve best administrations to its objective clients. Along these lines, so as to hold its position and notoriety in the market, the providers needed to comply with the standards and guidelines of the associations (Grant, 2010, pp. 110-123). Serious competition: the degree of contention is incredibly high in India. This is principally because of the nearness of many adversary players, for example, Vodafone, BSNL, Airtel, Idea, Aircel and so forth. Other than this, every single telecom specialist organization is attempting to offer fluctuated sorts of imaginative administrations to its clients in order to improve its predominance and piece of the overall industry when contrasted with others. Along these lines, so as to keep up its position and positioning, the association need to offer high fixation over item advancement technique when contrasted with others. Risk of substitute items: the danger of substitute items is incredibly high in the market

Race Science, Eighteenth to Mid-Nineteenth Centuries - Free Essay Example

The topic of origin or race has been discussed by several people who seek to define why there are different races in the world. There are those who have tried to apply scientific way a while others attribute the differences to the environment. Some of the people who have tried to explain the concepts are Samuel Stanhope, Fran? §ois Bernier, and George Cuvier. There are divisions on the issue of race because it is a complex issue. The race is a word that is used to indicate a specific ethnic group. Most of the explanations that explain the origin of different races were developed from sixteenth century to mid-nineteenth century. Categorizing human types and defining races in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was part of the larger Enlightenment and scientific project of the time, related to developments in taxonomy and biology. But observers of the race made unscientific logical leaps from their data to their conclusions or used unscientific bases for comparison. The science or race thus reflects the power relationship between the scientists and those they observed more than it informs us about actual differences between groups of people. Scientific Ideas of Race in 18th Century One of the scientific ideas developed to explain the origin of race is monogenesis. It refers to the influence environment has towards the development of races. The concept of monogenesis states that race development if based on environmental factors and not inheritance. The concept is called environmentalism. One of the scholars who support attribute the development of different races to environmental factors is Samuel Stanhope Smith. Smith used his wide knowledge and interest to develop the principle. He argued that when people from different races were brought together and lived in a specific region; their generations developed a characteristic that would be associated with the region they lived. As a result, they would look alike over time. The idea came to be when the slave trade was popular, and scientist wondered why there were big differences between people from different regions. The scientist had an answer which stated that the differences were as a result of the di fferences in environmental condition in different regions around the world. Some of the environmental factors were both natural while others were social. To support the argument, some Senegalese from Africa and Danes from Europe were exchanged. After several generations, Senegalese were changing and becoming white while the Danes were also changing and becoming black. The early scientist made attempts to categorize the races that existed in the sixteenth to mid-nineteenth century. Several people made efforts. Francois Bernier developed four categories of races which he based on color. The four groups are Asiatic, European, Lapp, and African. These are probably the first groupings which were done in the sixteenth century. He also considered lips size and body appearance of the groups, and he was able to interpret it using his knowledge before coming up with the four groups. In the 1730s, Carolus Linnaeus made an effort some improvement to Berniers classification. He came up wit h four groups which had more advance names. The names were African (niger), American (rubescus), Asiatic (fuscus) and European (albums). He also developed taxonomic names which were almost similar to the original names and they were Asiaticus, Europeanus, Americanus, and Africanus. Linnaeus used skin color, and origin, but he later included physical characteristics and his understanding of emotional and social characteristics. In the mid-1700s, there was another discovery where Comte de Buffon came up with the idea that animas should be classified depending on their ability to interbreed. He argued that it would be easier to know whether animals are the same species by interbreeding them. If the process is successful, the conclusion was they are the same species. In 17770s, another type of classification was established by John Friedrich Blumenbach. He abandoned the classification of human species using geographical regions which had four groups. His new five group classificat ion was based on morphology (physical characteristics). He established five categories which include American (referring to red race), Ethiopian (the black race), Caucasian (referring to white race), Malayan (also called brown race) referring to and Mongolian (referred to as yellow race). In 1817, there was extinction of some races which were under the five category classification and George Curvier attributed it to catastrophic events such as Darwinian trickle which was happening around that time. Background extinction was also caused extinction. I. Polygenesis: Starting 1700s, some writers began to suggest polygenesis explained differences: Voltaire; David Hume; Christoph Meiners: Georg Foster: Jean-Joseph Virey; John Pinkerton: Edward Long. Also a. Lord Kames, Sketches of the History of Man (1774), advocated polygenesis. The author abandoned Christian beliefs, and he concluded that humans had different races which were as a result of the variation in species characteristics. He also said that the variations made the human have different and unique species. Lord Kames also noted that human history had common characteristics which were a consistent improvement of primitive to civilization These arguments were a defense to the attack on polygenesis b. Charles White, 1799, Account of the Regular Gradation of Man. Charles White wrote this book trying to explain his finding on the differences among skulls from the different human species that were in existence them. He said he had found differences in all t he skulls. He compared the skull of humans with that of a donkey and concluded the two were different species. c. Bernard Romans, of A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida, 1775. The book states that the population in Florida increased ten times around 1900. The author says that the increase in population is because this was one of the first areas that humans settled. Taking together increased the intelligence of the community. Americans inhabitant got to realize the importance of Florida and was interested in learning the history of Florida because of the high increase population. Bernard Romanss shows that early humans did the trade. The book has a history of the relationship among people from India, Britain, and USA. The book provides information on the transformation of the species and the development of scientific technology. It also provides scientific arguments about the development of humankind. Monogenesis remained the dominant mode of thought in the 18 th century. This is an explanation of human origin. Monogenesis provides an explanation that shows that all human beings have a common origin for all races (created together). Monogenesis was discussed a lot during the nineteenth century when the scientific racism discussion was rife and different individuals were trying to scrutinize it with the aim of establishing the truth or supporting their belief. Religious people and scholars discussed the idea of race in the nineteenth century. The differences were explained through different theories developed by various writers. Some of the influential writers include: Charles Darwin Charles Darwin is one of the influential writers who contributed to the discussion on races. He developed a theory which covered the origin of species and more specifically human being. He covered how sex determined the king of offspring that would be produced. Darwin maintained his idea that all races were created separately. Louis Agassiz He believed that all races were created separately. He was also an influential writer during the period when racial science was very popular. He said that there were unequal attributes concerning the endowment of the race. Growth of anthropometry The skull is one of the main features that were used to prove the differences among races. Anthropometry is a field that finds differences among human beings by measuring their sizes and make identification using physical variations easy. Then the identities derived are associated with a certain race. Anthropometry measures shape and size of human bodies using the dimensions. Phrenology: Phrenology was very influential in back in the nineteenth century. It was concerned with the measurement of the size and shape of the human skull for identification. The reason behind it was that the brain has localized modules. This field of identification borrowed more from science. Craniology Craniology was considered very scientifical ly respectable in the 1840s. Several writers have written several works trying to explain the principle. Pieter Camper Pieter Camper in the late 1700s supported the use offacial angle in racial science. It was important because it was a way of measuring intelligence among different individuals who were seen as representatives of a specific race. He believed that a persons intelligence could be measured by drawing two lines one perpendicular and another one horizontally. William F. Edwards William Edwards was able to discover that shape and face had some way of showing the race of person came from because the distance between the camera a persons face varies. As a result, there is a variation of appearance which is significant and can be relied upon to identify some unfamiliar faces. Adjusting the distances between face and camera creates a subspace from the face. Anders Retzius Anders Retzius, the 1840s, showed the ratio of length and breadth of the cranium. He was a knowledgeable scientist who helped develop the cephalic index which can be obtained by calculating heads ration regarding width to length. He believed all races were created differently (polygenism). Samuel George Morton in the US, Crania Americana (1839) Morton was a supporter of polygenism. Morton is one of those scientists who strongly believed that there was no way all races had a common creation. Due to his expansive knowledge of science, he was able to use establish intellectual capabilities of individuals. 1840 census data, John C. Calhoun, and the marriage of science and politics Science combined with politics in 1840 census when John Calhoun (the vice president) and Jackson disagreed. John had two wives, and the wives of the cabinet ministers excluded her. But Van Buren refused to join them in ostracizing the Peggy Eaton. As a result, many people resigned from their cabinet positions. The president recognized Van Buren, and he was chosen to become a vice pres ident and later on was chosen as the person to replace the president. But due to his association with Eatons second wife, he lost the second re-election held in 1840. The Mulatto Mullato is a community that many people thought it was going to end after it lasted for four over five generations. The communities were believed to be a weak community, and some scientist hoped that it was necessary for them to intermarry for them to get a boost of genes which would enable them to acquire characteristics that would enable them to live longer. Mullato had originated from two different species. The white community would not eradicate Mullatos infertility. Bibliography Smith, Samuel Stanhope, and Charles WHITE.? An Essay on the causes of the variety of complexion and figure in the human species, to which are added, strictures on Lord Kamess Discourse on the original diversity of mankind. A new edition, with additional notes, by a Gentleman of the University of Edinburgh. 1810. Guyatt, Nicholas, Samuel Stanhope Smith, Princeton alumni weekly, 11 May, 2016. Retrieved from https://paw.princeton.edu/article/samuel-stanhope-smith Fitzgerald, Michael. The Journal Of ­ Studies La Revue Des †°tudes Berkeley University. The History of Evolutionary Thought, 1800s. retrieved from https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history08 Grace, Science: 1680s-1800s: Early Classification of Nature retrieved from https://www.understandingrace.org/history/science/early_class.html Semonin, Paul. American Monster: How the nations first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity. NYU Press, 2000. Kames, Lord Henry Home. S ketches of the History of Man. Vol. 2. W. Creech, 1774. White, Charles, and Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring. An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man, and in Different Animals and Vegetables, and from the Former to the Latter. C. Dilly, 1799. . Romans, Bernard. A concise natural history of East and West Florida. Vol. 45879. University of Alabama Press, 1999. 75- Morton, Samuel George. Crania Americana: or a comparative view of the skulls of various aboriginal nations of America. Simpkin, Marshall, 1839. Page 21 Stevenson, Russell W. A Negro Preacher: The Worlds of Elijah Ables. Journal of Mormon History 39, no. 2 (2013): 165-254. Retrieved from https://www.uvu.edu/religiousstudies/docs/2017_msc/russell_stevenson.pdf Nott, Josiah Clark. Two lectures on the natural history of the Caucasian and Negro races. Dade and Thompson, 1844. Morton, Samuel, The Debate Over Slavery: Crania Americana retrieved from https://chnm.gmu.edu/exploring/19thcentury/debateovers lavery/pop_morton.html United States Census Bureau, Directors 1820 1865: William Augustus Weaver retrieved from https://www.census.gov/history/www/census_then_now/director_biographies/directors_1 820_-_1830.html Samuel smith Stanhope and Charles WHITE.? An Essay on the causes of the variety of complexion and figure in the human species, to which are added, strictures on Lord Kamess Discourse on the original diversity of mankind. A new edition, with additional notes, by a Gentleman of the University of Edinburgh. 1810 Nicholas Guyatt Samuel Stanhope Smith, Princeton alumni weekly, 11 May, 2016. Retrieved from HYPERLINK https://paw.princeton.edu/article/samuel-stanhope-smith https://paw.princeton.edu/article/samuel-stanhope-smith Michael Fitzgerald The Journal Of  ­ Studies La Grace, Science: 1680s-1800s: Early Classification of Nature retrieved from HYPERLINK https://www.understandingrace.org/history/science/early_class.html https://www.understandingrace .org/history/science/early_class.html Berkeley University. The History of Evolutionary Thought, 1800s. retrieved from https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/history08 Kames, Lord Henry Home. Sketches of the History of Man. Vol. 2. W. Creech, 1774. pg.2 Smith 71 Paul Semonin American Monster: How the nations first prehistoric creature became a symbol of national identity. NYU Press, 2000. Pg 245 Charles White and Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring. An Account of the Regular Gradation in Man, and in Different Animals and Vegetables, and from the Former to the Latter. C. Dilly, 1799, pg 11 Bernard Romans A concise natural history of East and West Florida. Vol. 45879. University of Alabama Press, 1999. Pg 2 Samuel Morton Crania Americana: or a comparative view of the skulls of various aboriginal nations of America. Simpkin, Marshall, 1839 United States Census Bureau, Directors 1820 1865: William Augustus Weaver Russell Stevenson Negro Preache r: The Worlds of Elijah Ables. Journal of Mormon History 39, no. 2 (2013): pg 173

Causes And Effect Of Brain Injuries - 2037 Words

Brain injuries, like the case described below, can cause direct contact to specific parts of the brain, resulting in the need for rehabilitation and social or psychological support. It’s destructive injury not only to the person who has the injury, but also to the people around that person. A year ago, a young boy was involved in a car accident. Upon impact of the car, a speaker box in the back seat came forward and the corner of the box penetrated the back of his skull. He was knocked unconscious, but once the ambulance arrived, they were forced to put him into a medically induced coma to stop the inflammation and swelling of the brain from the wound. The parts of the brain affected by this accident were the occipital lobe and the parietal lobe. All occipital injury affects can vary from visual impairments and hallucinations, while in the temporal lobe, right hemisphere damage could see dramatic changes in personality or the regression of a previous personality. All these symptoms occurred within this individual and have been evaluated. The patient finally recovered after 5 months. Included was a 2-month coma to reduce inflammation in the brain to keep it from swelling too large and compressing against the skull. Upon waking the patient after the two months of the coma , the patient still suffered from seizures, forcing the medical staff to keep him in the coma. They repeatedly tried bring him out of the coma, but got the same result, so they kept putting him backShow MoreRelatedPhineas Gage Suffers a Traumatic Brain Injury1289 Words   |  6 Pagestraumatic brain injury. While working at a railroad site, an iron tamping rod (43 inches long, 1.25 diameter) went through his left cheek, through his brain, and out the skull. He surprisingly ended up surviving this traumatic injury. After a month in the hospital, he was back out on the street. Once a nice, caring person, Phineas turned into an aggressive man who could not even keep a job. 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While, injuries such as these in adults can be severe, the effects of the injury on a child’s developing brain may be devastating. A lesion on a rapidly developing brain may be particularly detrimental, often resulting in delays or cessation of development (BraineRead MoreAthletes And Concussions With Concussions1738 Words   |  7 PagesFacts). A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that causes swelling of the brain s soft tissue and disrupts normal brain function (Concussion). A concussion has potential to impact memory and coordination for the rest of the athlete s life along with lead to other, more serious, brain injuries. In order for athletes to reduce the effects from concussions, they need to be educated on the symptoms, ways to avoid the injury, and the possible lifelong effects. For an athlete to report a possibleRead MoreThe Effects Of Concussions On The Brain1164 Words   |  5 Pages[ABSTRACT] Concussions are complex cerebral injuries that result in a series of metabolic events within the brain. The changes are seen in the fragile neuronal homeostatic balances where changes in the elevations of glutamate and potassium have been identified. The effects of concussions have also been seen in the functioning of the brain rather than in the structure of the brain itself. Being identified as mild traumatic brain injuries, occurring due to a bump or jolt to head or neck, concussionsRead MoreTraumatic Brain Injuries772 Words   |  4 PagesSilent Epidemic It only takes a split second for a jolt to the skull to cause extensive damage and serious impairment of the voluminous and vital neurological functions. Who would be your power of attorney? How would you pay for the medical bills? Questions the majority of people never even think of- you never think it could be you. Effects may be long term or short term, depending on the gravity of the incident. Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a serious public health problem in the United States. BasedRead MoreAthletic Trainers And Other Health Care Professionals1498 Words   |  6 PagesAthletics has become very popular and diverse in our society. With athletics, come many serious injuries including cerebral concussions. A cerebral concussion is defined as a transient neurological dysfunction of the brain resulting from a biomechanical force.1 A concussion is a subset of a mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) which is generally self-limited and at the less-severe end of the brain injury spectrum.2 Sports-related concussions are occur frequently in contact and collision sports at all

Bullying Is Not Right And Needs - 1093 Words

The sheer antipathy and animosity I have towards bullying is why I think it should be eradicated. Bullying is simply not right and needs to be stopped. Suicide, this is a precarious topic, is it not? But guess what it happens, it is a fact of life. Did you know 30% of young people have gone on to self-harm as a result of bullying? Did you know 1 in 65,000 children aged 10 to 14 commit suicide each year? This is not due to family problems, depression, abuse, but due to bullying. There are various types of bullying; physical bullying which includes hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching, pushing and injurious behaviour. These are done deliberately, repeatedly to someone. There is a certain type of bullying which is becoming more of a defiant problem; cyber bullying. Cyber bullying is the act of causing harm to others using digital media like mobile phones, emails, social networking sites and general internet use. 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Peter the Great Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Peter the Great Argumentative Essay Towards the end of the seventeenth century Russia differed very little from what it had been at the end of the fifteenth. During the reign of Peter the Great Russias desire for change and a quest for progress was reaching levels comparable to those of Europe. Peter the Great is associated with the movement of Russia from the Medieval world to the Age of Enlightenment. Throughout the centuries historiographical debate has been in progress. There was a debate between historians who consider Peter the Great as a great Tsar of Russia and those who perceive him as an autocratic tyrant. Scholars ask if Peter the Great did indeed open the Window to the West, ans if so what kind of window, and what aspects of the West? The interpretation of Russias past remains a subject of debate among historians. Image and accomplishments of Peter the Great with each generation produce different attitudes. What views are put forward by Peters contemporaries and modern historians? How did advocates and oppo sition portray the reign of Peter the Great? These are important questions to ask in an explanation on how Peter the Great was seen in the eyes of his contemporaries and of modern historians. In order to understand the image of Peter the Great and his significance it is necessary to know his background and the influences that shaped his life. Peter the Great was the fourteenth child of Alexei Mikhailovich, born in Moscow on May 30, 1672.Tsar Alexis died when Peter was four years old. His mother raised Peter.Tsars Alexis son from his first marriage, Feodor Alekseevich succeeded to the throne but his reign did not last long. On April 27, 1682, Tsar Feodor died. In line to succeed him were, his brother Ivan and Peter who was his half-brother. Peter was only ten years old. With the assistance of the semiprofessional musketeers garrisoned in Moscow, sister of Feodor, Sophia, seized power and declared herself regent, proclaiming both Ivan and Peter co-tsars. Sophia was in conflict with th e family of Peters mother and she forced the boy to reside on one of the suburban estates of the crown.The hostility during Sophias regin was significant influence on Peters development as a Tsar. We will write a custom essay on Peter the Great Argumentative specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Peter grew up away from the constricting atmosphere of the Kremlin, and he was left to his devices under his mothers supervision. Peter was a lively and energetic boy compared to his other siblings who were sick and weak. From his early years he was interested in military games, fire, bombs and fireworks. He organized his own play regiments and war games by enlisting gentlemens sons. He also had contact with foreigners and was fascinated with their way of life. His education started around the age of seven. One of his tutors was Nikita Zotov, who was a kind clerk, literate man who knew the Bible well but was not a scholar. While Zotov was teaching Peter to read and write, he told him stories of Russian history; of battles and heroes. Peters education was less classical then that given to Feodor or Sophia.By the time Peter reached manhood, he was basicaly a self taught man since he chose what he wished to learn. His lack of formal education would be reflected in the decisions and situ ations with which he had to deal with during his rule. Number of features of Peters childhood and youth makes it possible to see his intellectual development. At the age of sixteen, Peter was introduced to a dutchman, named Timmerman who became his second tutor. Under Timmermans guidance he was learning arithmetic, geometry, and the sciences of fortifications and artillery. Timmerman had also introduced him to sailing which became one of the favorite interests for Peter.Early contacts with Timmerman and other foreigners had opened his mind to the technological West. Overall, Peter early in his childhood, was cut off from the typical old Russian environment, ideas, customs and traditions of government of a Muscovite Tsar. This lack of knowledge of political and moral ideas, about the people, government and a rulers obligations to his subjects was reflected in his reign. Peters growing interests in foreigners and the western atmosphere which he was found of, disturbed his mother, Natalia. In order to convert Peter she had hoped that marriage would change his perspectives. Peter married Eudoxia Lopukhina in 1689, who was chosen by his mother.Unfortunately the match was a disaster, since the couple did not have much in common. However, through this marriage, Peter had two sons but the second died at age seven months. Most of the time Peter was away from his wife engaged in work on boats and sailing. Peter the Great was not interested in his family, he was very much interested in an atmosphere which was open to progressive influences from the West. In 1689, Sophias regency ended when once again she tried to take full control of Russia. Peter expelled her from the palace and sent to the Novodevichi nunnery. Many of her close associates were executed or exiled.Peter returned from hiding to Moscow but at that time he was not interested in ruling the country. He appointed a group of ministers with whom he left state matters for another five years before he took the reins of government into his own hands. .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 , .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .postImageUrl , .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 , .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:hover , .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:visited , .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:active { border:0!important; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:active , .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125 .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uca52231ae28a1e268f1f294200133125:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Canterbury Tales EssayFrom 1690 foreign influences were increased in Peters way of life. In 1691 for the first time a Russian tsar, Peter the Great adopted Western dress.Two of Peters close foreign friendships were with Patrick Gordon and Franz Lefort. Their education and their information about ways of life, science, and Western institutions were always of great interest for Peter. He was attracted and enjoyed the company of foreigners mostly because of the greater social, sexual, and intellectual freedom. He recognized his own drives and energy among the ambitious and adventurous foreigners who came to Russia. During his time spent in the company of foreigners he acq uired mechanical skills and accumulated as much knowledge as he could. His military establishment was reorganized on the Western model, and his play regiments were transformed into regiments of the Guards.This improvement of military force was going to help him in defeating Russias enemy. In 1696, after his mother and Ivans death he took over the actual governance of his realm. Peters violations of the customs and his decision to visit western Europe shocked the Muscovites. Opposition groups and the signs of revolt were very quickly discovered and dealt with. People were arrested, torture, exiled to Siberia or executed.Nothing was going to stop Peter from going abroad. In August 1697 Peter left for journey to the West. He was the first Russian ruler to do so. His journey created not only sensation in Russia but in the countries he passed through. He visited Germany, Holland where he spent several months improving his knowledge of shipbuilding and navigation. He also visited England and Vienna. While on his journey he bought scientific instruments, books, and many curiosities. Peter was successful in furthering his knowledge and in laying the groundwork for regular technical and intellectual exchanges.In his diplomatic efforts he did not succeed. Peter returned to Mosc ow in August 1698. He brought back not only material things but also a new vision of change for Russia. The new visions or transformation of Russia that Peter the Great was determined to create throughout the years of his reign, received positive and negative assessments from his contemporaries and historians. By transformation Peter the Great meant modernization. Peter wanted for Russia to become part of Western Europe in political, economic and cultural sense. Change, for Peter included acceptance of the technology and the outlook of the West. Change also meant absolutist state with the absolute monarch and his centralized bureaucratic state. The monarchs like Peter the Great, sought to follow the pattern set by Louis XIV of France in building and strengthening the machinery of a centralized royal government.Enlightened despots believed their own interests could best be served by internal dynastic reforms. Measures designed to promote the development of the economy not only increased the wealth of their subjects but also provided the treasury with more revenues to finance larger armi es. By restraining the power of the nobility and church, building up a trained and salaried officialdom, and rationalizing administrative procedures, these monarchs were able to strengthen the central government.The era of Peters reign was a period of transformation in Russias position as a great power. How effective and influential were the changes has been argued by many historians. Numerous scholars as Miliukov, Kliuchevsky, Anderson agrees on the fact that the actual reform that Russia experienced during Peter the Great reign was one of militarization and mechanization. According to Miliukov, Kliuchevsky, Anderson and others war and its effects central not merely to Peters foreign policies but also to his domestic achievements and failures. Without a grasp of this fact no real understanding of his reign is possible.The demands on the new armed forces had both positive and negative effects. Historians have struck, and continue to strike different balances between these effects. The new Petrine institutions were developed in the process of mobilizing the resources of the country and organizing the army. The demands of army and navy inspired many of the changes that took place during he reign of Peter the Great. With the creation and maintain of the army, Peter had few problems. One of them was supplying men for the army. New system of recruiting which was more effective and enduring was created. Volunteers and peasant conscripts were enlisted on large scale in order to form new regiments. By these means there was twenty-seven new infantry regiments and two of dragoons formed. This is one of the examples to show Peters efforts to increase his countrys military power. In 1705, a decree was established to recruit more young man between fifteen and twenty years old, fit for service.Recruiting on the massive scale imposed heavy burdens on the Russian people. Great importance was also assigned to regimental officers. Training schools became the most important mili tary institutions in Russia. In organizing the army Peter discovered that the old framework of Muscovite government was not adequate for his needs. In the process of mobilizing the military Peter the Great transformed the administrative structure of the state. The administrative structure had its roots in the Mongol era of medieval Russia. Traditionally, Tsars looked for advice to the Boyar Council which was old-fashioned and conservative institution. The main departments, prikazy, were the central administration, with various functions, often complex and overlapping.From 1699, Peter started to make some efforts in improving the structure. The Boyar Council lost its importance, and was replaced by tsars trusted subordinates. New departments were created, the Preobrazhenskii Prikaz, the office of the political police was one of the most feared of all Peters innovations which was created in order to detect and crush disloyalty and opposition in Russia. In the 1711, the supervising and regulating force, the Senate was set up, to run the government in absence of Peter the Great.The other innovation of Peter the Great was dividing the empire into eleven gubernii, which where subdivided into about fifty provintsii and number of didtickty.Peters administrative apparatus was in many ways borrowed from the Swedes. The new system was not working out the way it was planed. In theory the army was supposed to cooperate with the civilian authorities but in fact administration passed into the hands of the army. By 1725, army was gathered provisions and taxes, rounded up recruits and runway serfs, policed the countryside and meted out its own military justice.Many of the administrative changes were ineffective and temporary. The changes influenced the nature of the tsardom and the society. .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 , .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .postImageUrl , .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 , .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:hover , .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:visited , .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:active { border:0!important; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:active , .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52 .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4cf1b9cb28781ef87027a17df285a52:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Capital Punishment Should be A EssayOne of the most radical reforms of Peter the Great was the abolition of the Patriarchate and the establishment of the Holy Synod. Peter the Great had a typical attitude towards religion as an absolutist ruler of the eighteenth century. He resented the Churchs ignorance, conservatism, and the wealth. In Russia, the Church had enjoyed great influence and its head, the Patriarch of Moscow, was the most influential and powerful individual after the Tsar. When the Patriarch Adrian died in 1700, therefore, no successor to him was appointed, and church property was placed under the control of a new Monasteries Department.This meant that much of the income from it could be used for secular, and above all military purposes. In 1721 a new controlling body for the church, the Most Holy Directing Syndod, was set up.It had no real independence, and it was a symbol of the final subjection of the church to Peters control. He was not interested in reforms of doctrine or worship, his goal was to deprive the Church of its spiritual independence, and to make it one of the departments of the Absolutist State. Under Peter the Church became the agency through which the state extended its control over the minds of its subjects. The changes in the Russian Church provoked bitter resistance among the people. Peters autocratic power had been asserted in the spiritual as well as in the secular sphere. The reign of Peter the Great had crucial importance for the history of Russian education. In the Muscovite state the service to the state was the leading duty, and Peter regarded education as a preparation for service or even service itself. Russias goal during Peters reign was to Westernized, to spread technology, knowledge, and education was the means to achieve that goal.The knowledge included technological and scientific knowledge of the West, not the Orthodox doctrine and learning of the Church. Education and learning had existed in Muscovy, but the had been focused on religious concerns and were propagated on an individual basis by clerks or church readers. It was Peter the Great who introduced secular schooling. He did it primarily in order to meet his own needs for technically trained personnel to operate the ships and maneuver the army he had created. Beyond these immediate needs he realized that the new state will require educated men to continue the work of modernization h e had begun.Early in his reign, Peter sent groups of young nobles abroad to England, Holland and elsewhere, to acquire skills such as languages, seamanship, or mechanics. This experiment met with various oppositions. The first school he created was the Academy of Mathematics, later renamed Navigation, in 1701 in Moscow.Peter the Great also established an Academy of Science as both a research institute and an institution of higher education, open to the cultural elite of the empire. Other training schools were set up to provide instructions in various specializations. Education was a first step in the ladder of state service.

Keith Porter Is Gay Essays - Gay, Same-sex Sexuality,

Keith Porter Is Gay As they look over the world's painful panorama of war and terror, some people conclude that it is too late, that no amount of information or activity could possibly follow through on the critical work that has already begun. But those who take that pessimistic view understand neither Mr. Gay Keith Porter nor his current rung on the ladder to total power. What follows is a call to action for those of us who care -- a large enough number to improve the physical and spiritual quality of life for the population at present and for those yet to come. On the surface, it would seem merely that his position that we should abandon the institutionalized and revered concept of democracy is based upon a specious argument without any substantive basis. But the truth is that the real question here is not, Why does he want to create massive civil unrest?. The real question is rather, Where are the people who are willing to stand up and acknowledge that he is a card-carrying member of the Hypocrisy C lub? The complete answer to that question is a long, sad story. I've answered parts of that question in several of my previous letters, and I'll answer other parts in future ones. For now, I'll just say that he wants to goad paltry pamphleteers into hurling epithets at his enemies. Who does he think he is? I mean, I have a dream, a mission, a set path that I would like to travel down. Specifically, my goal is to tell him where he can stick it. Of course, I have to wonder where he got the idea that it is my view that all minorities are poor, stupid ghetto trash. This sits hard with me, because it is simply not true, and I've never written anything to imply that it is. If we don't soon tell Gay Keith to stop what he's doing, he will proceed with his hypocritical ramblings, considerably emboldened by our lack of resistance. We will have tacitly given Gay Keith our permission to do so. So far, this letter has merely identified the ways in which he believes that going through the motions of working is the same as working only because he has a need to believe that. Now, let me shift gears and start telling you about how he thinks that he is a bearer and agent of the Creator's purpose. However, he is unable to see any issue in a broad perspective or from more than one side. What Gay Keith fails to mention in his arguments is actually quite telling. For example, did you know that Gay Keith wants to detach individuals from traditional sources of strength and identity -- family, class, private associations? Or that the Gay Keith Porter Foundation's latest report on judgemental recidivism is filled with fabrications, half-truths, innuendo, and guilt by association? If I said that it is villainous to question his sophistries, I'd be a liar. But I'd be being totally honest if I said that all Gay Keith really wants is to hang onto the perks he's getting from the system. That's all he really cares about. People have pointed out to me that he makes assertions that strain credulity, but I still can't help but think that by refusing to act, by refusing to seek some structure in which the cacophony introduced by his crusades might be systematized, reconciled, and made rational, we are giving him the power to let us know exactly what our attitudes should be towards various types of people and behavior. Is there anyone else out there who's noticed that everything Gay Keith tells you is a lie? I ask because he has recently been going around claiming that cannibalism, wife-swapping, and the murder of infants and the elderly are acceptable behavior. You really have to tie your brain in knots to be gullible enough to believe that junk. He is an opportunist. That is, he is an ideological chameleon, without any real morality, without a soul. Just think: Whenever anyone states the obvious -- that the word on the street is that Gay Keith's apparatchiks are profoundly influenced by what Gay

Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables †Engineering Essay

Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables – Engineering Essay Free Online Research Papers Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables Engineering Essay Abstract The present research was carried out to apply deep sea water to hydroponics in order to improve the yield and nutritional value of vegetables. Deep sea water was electrodialyzed using a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions, and then it was used to prepare nutrient solutions for the hydroponical production of spinach. Experimental results showed that sodium chloride was removed selectively from deep sea water by electrodialysis. The highest yield of spinach with a normal content of nutritional components was obtained when the electrodialyzed deep sea water of 5 dS/m was applied in nutrient solution. Increasing the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water caused an increase in the total ascorbic acid content but a decrease in the yield of spinach. Keywords: deep sea water, electrodialysis, ion concentration, hydroponics, nutrient solution, vegetable, yield, nutritional value 1. Introduction Deep sea water contains more than 80 kinds of inorganic elements (Nozaki, 1997) and some organic substances. It is almost free of harmful bacteria and has a constant temperature of 4-6 ? at a depth of 500 m. These characteristics have brought deep sea water many applications in marine products industry, food industry and health drink manufacturing (Watanabe, 2000; Yamaoka, 2000; Nakagawa, 2000). Vegetables are produced hydroponically using nutrient solution that usually contains only 17 kinds of elements. Applying deep sea water to nutrient solution is the best way to provide its components to vegetables, which is expected to result in the improvement of nutritional value of vegetables. Some of the components existing in deep sea water might have growth promotion effects on vegetables, however, surplus sodium chloride must be removed. The objectives of the present work were (1) to selectively remove sodium chloride from deep sea water, (2) to prepare nutrient solution with deep sea water for the hydroponical production of spinach, and (3) to investigate the effect of deep sea water on yield and content of nutritional components of spinach. 2. Experimental 2-1 Deep sea water Deep sea water was obtained from a depth of 500 m in the Pacific Ocean at a latitude of 33Â °56’N and a longitude of 136Â °21’E, where is near Owase City, Mie Prefecture, Japan. Surface sea water was also obtained at the same place. The sea water was stored at 5 ? before used. 2-2 Electrodialysis of deep sea water A small-scale electrodialyzer?(Micro Acilyzer S3, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) fit up with a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions (AC-110-550, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was used to remove sodium chloride (NaCl) from the sea water. Figure 1 shows its basic principles (Azuma, 1997). When a direct voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, cation existing in stream moves toward the cathode, while anion in stream moves toward the anode. Cation may be passed through cation-exchange membranes but stopped by anion-exchange membranes, and anion may be passed through anion-exchange membranes but stopped by cation-exchange membranes, which results in moving of monovalent ions from the dilution stream to the concentration stream. The sea water was electrodialyzed at a voltage of 10 V. Electrical conductivity of the electrodialyzed sea water was measured at 25 ? using an electrical conductivity meter (CM-40S, TOA Co., Ltd.). Potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) existing in the electrodialyzed sea water were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA-6200, Shimadzu Co., Ltd.). 2-3 Hydroponics of spinach A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for hydroponics is shown in Fig. 2. The bed was 600 mm long, 420 mm wide and 110 mm high, and it contained 25 L of nutrient solution. Air was supplied into the nutrient solution using an air pump. The deep sea water was electrodialyzed to an electrical conductivity of 5, 9, 16, 25 dS/m (25 ?) respectively, and then diluted with deionized water by 10 times in volume ratio before used to prepare nutrient solutions. Deionized water was used as the control condition, assuming that its electrical conductivity was 0 dS/m. Elements of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) were controlled at the same concentrations for all nutrient solutions as the prescription B of OTSUKA HOUSE (Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.). A same amount of iron (Fe), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo) were added to all nutrient solutions, neglecting the original existence of these elements in the water used. Table 1 summarizes ion concentration, pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions. The nutrient solutions had an identical pH at 6.1, but different electrical conductivities ranging from 2.4 to 5.1 dS/m due to their different content of inorganic elements. Six beds with different nutrient solutions were placed in an artificial weather room. Twenty plants of spinach were grown in each bed for 21 days after transplantation. As shown in Fig.3, the artificial weather room had a light intensity of 175 ?mol/m2s, temperature of 23 ?, relative humidity of 70 % at light period from 6:00 to 18:00, and a temperature of 18 ?, relative humidity of 85 % at dark period from 18:00 to the next 6:00. All the nutrient solutions were kept at the same level in the beds. Changes in pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions were measured. Fresh matter of spinach was investigated by weighing the leaf and stem of each plant immediately after the harvest. Moisture (60?-48 h), crude ash (600?) and total ascorbic acid (Sakaki, 1983; The Vitamin Society of Japan, 1990) contained in the leaf of spinach were analyzed. 3. Results and Discussion 3-1 Variation of ion concentration during the electrodialysis of deep sea water Deep sea water and surface sea water had an electrical conductivity of 45, 50 dS/m, respectively. As shown in Fig.4, the electrical conductivity of deep sea water was reduced from 45 dS/m to 10 dS/m by electrodialysis. K concentration decreased from 619 ppm to 21 ppm, and Na concentration decreased from 11,212 ppm to 999 ppm in correspondence with the decrease of electrical conductivity. For both deep sea water and surface sea water, K oncentration (Ck, ppm) and Na concentration (Cna, ppm) could be expressed as a linear function of electrical conductivity (Ec, dS/m) respectively, in the range of 10 to 50 dS/m as follows: (R2=0.934) (1) (R2=0.985) (2) The concentrations of Ca and Mg did not change in the electrical conductivity range of 50 to 25 dS/m, and they decreased slightly when the electrical conductivity decreased from 25 to 10 dS/m as shown in Fig. 5. The decreases in the concentrations of Ca and Mg were much smaller than those of K and Na. It is clear that monovalent ions were selectively removed, while most of non-monovalent ions were left in the electrodialysis of deep sea water. 3-2 Growth of spinach in hydroponics The changes in pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions during growing of spinach are shown in Fig. 6. All the nutrient solutions were exchanged on the 14th day because of the increases in both pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions. pH increased identically from 6.1 to 7.0, but the electrical conductivity varied differently. The electrical conductivity of nutrient solution DSW0 was almost constant at 2.7 dS/m, while the electrical conductivity of nutrient solution DSW25 increased from 5.1 to 5.8 dS/m. The increase of electrical conductivity related to the accumulation of inorganic elements in the nutrient solution. The effect of salinity of electrodialzed deep sea water on spinach yield is shown in Fig.7. The mean fresh matter of spinach was 32.7 g/plant at 0 dS/m. It had the highest value of 33.5 g/plant at 5 dS/m, and then decreased linearly with the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water in the range of 9 to 25 dS/m. In the t test (Abacus Concepts, Inc., 1996; Morita, 1973), however, the differences in mean fresh matter, however, were not significant expect that at 25 dS/m. The moisture content and crude ash content of spinach were approximately constant at 92 %,w.b. and 2.0 %,w.b. respectively, in the salinity range of 0 to 25 dS/m as shown in Fig. 8. The effect of salinity of electrodialzed deep sea water on total ascorbic acid content of spinach is shown in Fig.9. Total ascorbic acid content was almost constant at 28.5 mg/100g in the range of 0 to 9 dS/m, and increased with the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water ranging from 9 to 25 dS/m. 4. Conclusions 1) Sodium chloride was removed from deep sea water without a big loss of non-monovalent ions by electrodialysis using a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions. K concentration and Na concentration of the electrodialyzed deep sea water could be expressed as a linear function of its electrical conductivity, respectively. 2) After electrodialyzed to an electrical conductivity of 0 to 25 dS/m, and then diluted with deionized water by 10 times in volume ratio, deep sea water could be used to prepare nutrient solution for hydroponics of spinach. 3) Spinach had the highest yield and almost the same content of moisture, crude ash and total ascorbic acid when the electrodialyzed deep sea water of 5 dS/m was applied. Increasing the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water caused an increase in the total ascorbic acid but a decrease in the yield of spinach. Acknowledgment This work was financially supported by Mie Prefecture and Owase City, Mie Prefecture through a grant for feasibility study on the utilization of deep sea water. The authors are grateful to Mr. I. Azuma, manager of Industrial Membranes Division, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. for kindly offering the electrodialyzer, Micro Acilyzer S3 and valuable advice. Literature Cited Abacus Concepts, Inc., 1996. StatView. Azuma I., 1997. The actual operation data and process design of brackish water desalination plant by electrodialysis. Journal of Nippon Kaisui Gakkai, 51(4), 171-179. Kawakita, H. et al., 1995. Fundamental Investigation of Deep Sea Water (Part 2) (in Japanese). Report of Kouchi Prefecture Industrial Technology Center, No.26, 8-12. Morita Y., 1975. Introduction to Statistics (in Japanese). Asakura Publishing Company, Ltd., Tokyo, 20-21. Nakagawa, K., et al., 2000. Manufacturing of Drinks Using Deep Sea Water (in Japanese). Kaiyo Monthly, No.22, 95-100. Nozaki, Y., 1997. Updated (1996 version) Table of the Elements in Seawater and its Remarks (in Japanese). Journal of Nippon Kaisui Gakkai, 51(5), 302-307. Sakaki T., N. Kondo, 1983. Breakdown of Photosynthetic Pigments and Lipids in Spinach Leaves with Ozone Fumigation: Role of Active Oxygen, Physiol. Plant, 59, 28-34. The Vitamin Society of Japan Ed., 1990. Vitamin Analysis. Kagaku-doujin Publishing Co., Inc., Tokyo, 135-143. Watanabe, M., 2000. Raising of Fishes with Deep Sea Water (in Japanese). Kaiyo Monthly, No.22, 62-68. Yamaoka,Y., 2000. Culturing of Microalgae with Deep Sea Water for the Production of Health Foods and Pigments (in Japanese). Kaiyo Monthly, No.22, 81-84. Research Papers on Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables - Engineering EssayThe Spring and AutumnAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationOpen Architechture a white paperBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringDefinition of Export QuotasThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsMind TravelRiordan Manufacturing Production Plan

Hurricane vs. Blizzards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hurricane vs. Blizzards - Essay Example As a result, the occurrence is even a threat to human life that depends on these items (Halmer and Oplinger, 2001). The hurricanes, realized through cyclically moving storms, are seasonal occurrences that are unpredictable. The unpredictability relates to the dynamism with respect to the nature and extent of a particular occurrence. A hurricane â€Å"can quickly change its speed, direction, and intensity† (Brainworks, 2009, p. 14). Besides, reliable predictions are only possible from an already developed hurricane. This means that it is not possible to make predictions prior enough for adequate safety measures (Brainworks, 2009). Hurricanes are also associated with geographical vulnerability of areas as some areas are more vulnerable than others are. This explains the reason for repeated occurrence in some areas while other areas do not experience hurricanes. Its occurrence includes a gradually increasing strength of current that temporarily ceases. Some of the common impacts of hurricanes are â€Å"wind damage and flooding† (Halmer and Oplinger, 2001, p. 87). Blizzards are also examples of extreme weather conditions. Halmer and Oplinger explain that a blizzard is a less severe version of a hurricane and is identifiable by features such as duration, and visibility of the surrounding. A characteristic storm that goes beyond three hours for example identifies a blizzard and not a hurricane. The blizzards however have a relatively lower current speed of less than 40 miles per hour. Another characteristic feature of the blizzards that distinguishes them from hurricanes is the extensive formation of mist in the environment to a degree that impairs vision. Blizzards therefore results in longer hours of snow, and a misty environment that blurs vision. The phenomenon is associated with geographical vulnerability with repeated occurrences reported in specific areas. Lehigh valley in Pennsylvania is an example of areas that have repeatedly experienced blizzards in

GLOBAL MARKETING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

GLOBAL MARKETING - Essay Example A good example of a firm practicing internalization as a result of globalization is KFC Limited (Kentucky fried Chicken) which has opened eateries in Europe, Asia and Africa yet its home country is USA. Key drivers of globalization have been linked to internalization with regards to marketing in that they might have positive and negative effects on marketing. Some of the key drivers of globalization are as presented by Daniel Traca in his article(International Trade) are, lower transport and communication costs, development of international institutions and political decisions towards deregulation and liberation of trade and FDI(Foreign Direct Investment) regulations. Lower transport and communication costs have especially propelled marketing standards by firms. This has led to healthier marketing competition and reduced monopoly by some major firms. It has also widened their market base and resulted into increased revenues. Customer services and goods delivery has also improved due to this. Daniel Traca outlines that the development of international institutions such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and regional trade agreements between continental blocks and countries has greatly lead to internalization benefits by major firms. Though some regulations and rules that are governed by WTO have added towards marketing internalization, some are restrictive and are not favourable to all participants. Regional trade agreements have also lead to better products and services by firms in these regions. This is as a result of favourable marketing conditions such as reduced taxes, large market sizes and setting up of Export Processing Zones that foster growth of trade and marketing. Political decisions towards deregulation and liberation of trade and FDI regulations have resulted into better marketing standards. This has enabled firms to directly market themselves globally by getting involved in community programs

Water Pollution in China Essay Example for Free

Water Pollution in China Essay River like blood in Roxian, Guangxi About one third of the industrial waste water and more than 90 percent of household sewage in China is released into rivers and lakes without being treated. Nearly 80 percent of Chinas cities (278 of them) have no sewage treatment facilities and few have plans to build any and underground water supplies in 90 percent of the cites are contaminated. Water shortages and water pollution in China are such a problem that the World Bank warns of â€Å"catastrophic consequences for future generations. † Half of China’s population lacks safe drinking water. Nearly two thirds of China’s rural population—more than 500 million people—use water contaminated by human and industrial waste. In summer of 2011, the China government reported 43 percent of state-monitored rivers are so polluted, theyre unsuitable for human contact. By one estimate one sixth of China’s population is threatened by seriously polluted water. One study found that eight of 10 Chinese coastal cities discharge excessive amounts of sewage and pollutants into the sea, often near coastal resorts and sea farming areas. Water pollution is especially bad along the coastal manufacturing belt. Despite the closure of thousands of paper mills, breweries, chemical factories and other potential sources of contamination, the water quality along a third of the waterway falls far below even the modest standards that the government requires. Most of China’s rural areas have no system in place to treat waste water. A study by China’s Environmental Protection Agency in February 2010 said that water pollution levels were double what the government predicted them to be mainly because agricultural waste was ignored. China’s s first pollution census in 2010 revealed farm fertilizer was a bigger source of water contamination than factory effluent. water pollution by Caijing Water pollution—caused primarily by industrial waste, chemical fertilizers and raw sewage— accounts for half of the $69 billion that the Chinese economy loses to pollution every year. About 11. 7 million pounds of organic pollutants are emitted into Chinese waters very day, compared to 5. 5 in the United States, 3. 4 in Japan, 2. 3 in Germany, 3. 2 in India, and 0. in South Africa. Water consumed by people in China contains dangerous levels of arsenic, fluorine and sulfates. An estimated 980 million of China’s 1. 3 billion people drink water every day that is partly polluted. More than 600 million Chinese drink water contaminated with human or animal wastes and 20 million people drink well water contaminated with high levels of radiation. A large number of arsenic-tainted water have been discovered. China’s high rates of liver, stomach and esophageal cancer have been linked to water pollution. In many cases factories fouling critical water sources are making goods consumed by people in the U. S. and Europe. Problems created by China’s water pollution are not just confined to China either. Water pollution and garbage produced in China floats down its rivers to the sea and is carried by prevailing winds and currents to Japan and South Korea. Water pollution and shortages are a more serious problem in northern China than southern China. The percentage of water considered unfit for human consumption is 45 percent in northern China, compared to 10 percent in southern China. Some 80 percent of the rivers in the northern province of Shanxi have been rated â€Å"unfit for human contact. † A poll conducted by the Pew Research Center before the 2008 Olympics found that 68 percent of the Chinese interviewed said they were concerned about water pollution. Effects of Water Pollution in China Waters that used to team with fish and welcome swimmers now have film and foam at the top and give off bad smells. Canals are often covered layers of floating trash, with the deposits particularly thick on the banks. Most of it is plastic containers in a variety of sun-bleached colors. Deformities in fish such as one or no eyes and misshapen skeletons and a decreasing numbers of rare wild Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze has been blamed on a paint chemical widely used in Chinese industry. China is the largest polluter of the Pacific Ocean. Offshore dead zones — oxygen-starved areas in the sea that are virtually devoid off life — are not only found in shallow water but also in deep water. They are mainly created by agricultural run-off—namely fertilizer—and reach their peak in the summer. In the spring freshwater creates a barrier layer, cutting off the salt water below from the oxygen in the air. Warm water and fertilizers cause algae blooms. Dead algae sinks to the bottom and is decomposed by bacteria, depleting oxygen in deep water. Water Pollution and Health and Protests Nearly two thirds of China’s rural population—more than 500 million people—use water contaminated by human and industrial waste. Accordingly it is not all that surprising that gastrointestinal cancer is now the number one killer in the countryside, More than 130 residents of two villages in Guangxi Province in southern China were poisoned by arsenic-contaminated water. Arsenic showed up in their urine. The source is believed to be waste from a nearby metallurgy factory. In August 2009, a thousand villagers gathered outside a government office in Zhentouu township in Hunan Province to protests a the presence of the Xiange Chemical factory, which villagers say has polluted water used to irrigate rice and vegetables and caused at least two deaths in the area. Sources of Water Pollution Major polluters include chemical factories, drug manufactures, fertilizer makers, tanneries, paper mills. In October 2009, Greenpeace identified five industrial facilities in southern China’s Pearl River delta that were dumping poisonous metals and chemicals—such as beryllium, manganese, nonylphenol and tetrabromobisphenol— into water used by local residents for drinking. The group found the toxins in pipes that led from the facilities. In February 2008 the Fuan textile factory, a multimillion dollar operation in Guangdong Province that produces enormous quantities of T-shirts and other clothes for export, was shut down for dumping waste from dyes into the Maozhou River and turning the water red. It turned out the factory produced 47,000 tons of waste a day and could only process 20,000 tons with the rest being dumped into the river. It latter quietly reopened in a new location. Polluted Chinese Rivers and Lakes China has some of the worlds worst water pollution. All of Chinas lakes and rivers are polluted to some degree. According to a Chinese government report, 70 percent of rivers, lakes and waterways are seriously polluted, many so seriously they have no fish, and 78 percent of the water from Chinas rivers is not fit for human consumption. In a middle class development near Nanjing call Straford a polluted river has buried underground in giant pipe while a new ornamental river, rally a lake, has been built above it. According to one government survey, 436 of China’s 532 rivers are polluted, with more than half of them too polluted to serve as sources of drinking water, and 13 of 15 sectors of Chinas seven largest rivers are seriously polluted. The most polluted rivers are in the east and south around the major population centers with the pollution getting worse the further downstream one goes. In some cases each city along a river dumps pollutants outside their city limits, creating increasingly more pollution for the cities down stream. Chinese environmentalist Ma Jun said, ‘What’s not receiving attention is the destruction of the river ecosystem, which I think will have long-tern effects on our water resources. ’ Many rivers are filled with garbage, heavy metals and factory chemicals. Suzhou Creek in Shanghai stinks of human waste and effluence from pig farms. There have been devastating fish kills caused by the release of chemicals into the Haozhongou River in Anhui province and Min Jiang River in Sichuan Province. The Huai flows through densely populated farmland between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. Bottlenecks and elevation changes make the river both prone to flooding and collecting pollutants. Half the checkpoints along the Huai River in central and eastern China revealed pollution levels of â€Å"Grade 5 or worse, with pollutants detected in ground water 300 meters below the river. The Huai river in Anhui province is so polluted all the fish have died and people have to drink bottled water to avoid getting sick. Some places have water that is too toxic to touch and leaves behind scum when it is boiled. Here, crops have been destroyed by irrigation water from the river; fish farms have been wiped out; and fishermen have lost their livelihoods. The South-North Water Transfer Project—which will travel through the Huai basin—is likely to deliver water that is dangerously polluted. The Qingshui River, a tributary of the Huai whose names means â€Å"clear water,† has turned black with trails of yellow foam from pollution from small mines that have opened up to meet the demand for magnesium, molybdenum and vanadium used in the booming steel industry. River samples indicate unhealthy levels of magnesium and chromium. The vanadium refineries foul the water and produce smokes that deposits a yellowing powder on teh countryside. The Liao River is also a mess. Gains made with new water treatment facilities have been canceled out by higher than ever levels of industrial pollution. In May 2007, 11 companies along the Songhua River, including local food companies, were ordered to shut down because of the heavily-polluted water they dumped into the river. A survey found that 80 percent exceeded pollution discharge limits. One company turned off pollution control devices and dumped sewage directly into the river. In March 2008 contamination of the Dongjing River with ammonia, nitrogen and metal-cleaning chemicals turned the water red and foamy and forced authorities to cut water supplies for at least 200,000 people in Hubei Province in central China. Cancer Villages and Polluted Waterways in China According to the World Bank, 60,000 people die each year from diarrhea, bladder and stomach cancer and other diseases directly caused by water-borne pollution. A study by the WHO came with a much higher figure. Cancer village is a term used to describe villages or towns where cancer rates have risen dramatically because of pollution. There are said to be around 100 cancer villages along the Huai River and its tributaries in Henan Province, especially on the Shaying River. Death rates on Huai River are 30 percent higher than the national average. In 1995, the government declared that water from a Huai tributary was undrinkable and the water supply for 1 million people was cut off. The military had to truck in water for a month until 1,111 paper mills and 413 other industrial plants on the river were shut down. In the village of Huangmengying—where a once-clear stream is now greenish black from factory wastes—cancer accounted for 11 of the 17 deaths in 2003. Both the river and well water in the village—the main source of drinking water—have an acrid smell and taste produced by pollutants dumped upstream by tanneries, paper mills, a huge MSG plant, and other factories. Cancer had been rare when the stream was clear. Tuanjieku is town six kilometers northwest of Xian that still uses an ancient system of moats to irrigate its crops. The moats unfortunately don’t drain so well and are now badly contaminated by household discharges and industrial waste. Visitors to the town are often overwhelmed by the rotten egg smell and feel faint after five minutes of breathing in the air. Vegetables produced in the fields are discolored and sometimes black. Residents suffer from abnormally high cancer rates. One third of peasants in the village Badbui are mentally ill or seriously ill. Women report high numbers of miscarriages and many people die in middle age. The culprit is believed to be drinking water drawn from the Yellow River downstream from a fertilizer plant. The waters around Taizhou in Zhejiang, the home of Hisun Pharmaceutical, one of China’s largest drug makers, are so contaminated with sludge and chemicals that fishermen complain their hands and legs become ulcerated, and in extreme cases need amputation. Studies have show that people who live around the city have high cancer and birth defect rates. Polluted Yangtze, Pearl and Yellow Rivers Chinas three great rivers—the Yangtze, Pearl and Yellow River—are so filthy that it is dangerous to swim or eat fish caught in them. Parts of the Pearl River in Guangzhou are so thick, dark and soupy it looks like one could walk across it. In recent years pollution has become a problem on the Yellow River. By one count 4,000 of China’s 20,000 petrochemical factories are on the Yellow River and a third of all fish species found in the Yellow River have become extinct because of dams, falling water levels, pollution and over fishing. More than 80 percent of the Hai-Huaih Yellow river basin is chronically polluted. In October 2006, a one kilometer section of the Yellow River turned red in the city of Lanzhou in Gansu Province as result of a â€Å"red and smelly† discharge from a sewage pipe. In December 2005, six tons of diesel oil leaked into a tributary of the Yellow River from a pipe that cracked because of freezing conditions. It produced a 40 mile long slick. Sixty-three water pumps had to be shut down, including some in Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province. The Yangtze River is polluted with 40 million tons of industrial and sewage waste. Half of China’s 20,000 petrochemical factories lie on its banks. About 40 percent of all waste water produced in China—about 25 billion tons—flows into the Yangtze, of which only about 20 percent is treated beforehand. The pollution has taken its toll on aquatic life. Fish catches from the river declined from 427,000 tons in the 1950s to 100,000 tons in the 1990s. The Yangtze is in danger of becoming a â€Å"dead river† unable to sustain marine life or providing drinking water. According to report by the Chinese Academy of Sciences released in April 2007 the Yangtze is seriously and largely irreversibly polluted. More than 600 kilometers of its length and almost 30 percent of its major tributaries are in critical condition. Sections of the Grand Canal that have water deep enough to accommodate boats are often filled with trash sewage and oil licks. Chemical waste and fertilizer and pesticide run-off empties into the canal. The water is mostly brownish green. People who drink it often get diarrhea and break out in rashes. Polluted Lakes, Canals and Coastal Areas in China Dead fish in Hangzhou pond Studies have showed that the quality of coastal waters are deteriorating quickly as a result of land-based pollution. The study found that 8. 3 billion tons of sewage was released in Guangdong Province’s coastal waters in 2006, 60 percent more than five years earlier. Altogether 12. million tons of polluted â€Å"material was dumped in waters off the southern province. Some lakes are in equally bad shape. China’s great lakes—the Tai, Chao and Dianchi—have water that is rated Grade V, the most degraded level. It is unfit for drinking or for agricultural or industrial use. Describing Chinas fifth-biggest lake a Wall Street Journal reporter wrote: The slow, hot days of summer are here, and sun-fed algae is starting to clot the milky surface of Chao Lake. Soon a living scum will carpet a patch the size of New York City. It will quickly blacken and rot  The smell is so terrible you can not describe it. † Canals, See Changzhou, Places Apple Accused of Making a River Runs Black In March 2012, Peter Smith wrote in The Times, Beyond the brick cottages of Tongxin runs Lou Xia Bang, once the soul of the farming village and a river where, until the digital revolution, children swam and mothers washed rice. Today it flows black: a chemical mess heavy with the stench of China’s high-tech industry — the hidden companion of the world’s most famous electronics brands and a reason the world gets its gadgets on the cheap. Source: Peter Smith, The Times, March 9, 2012] The article then goes on to describe how the town of Tongxin was being affected by chemical waste from local factories that, as well as turning the river black, has caused a â€Å"phenomenal† increase in cancer rates in Tongxin (according to research by five Chinese non-governmental organisations). The factories have grown up in the last few years and make circuit boards, touch screens and the casings of smartphones, laptops and tablet computers. As usual in these cases, Apple as mentioned – although the evidence appears to be a little sketchy as to whether these factories are actually players in the Apple supply chain. [Source: Spendmatter UK/Europe blog] Smith wrote in the Times: â€Å"Workers at the Kaedar factory, five metres from a kindergarten where children have complained of dizziness and nausea, have secretly confirmed that products had left the factory bearing the Apple trademark. † Red Tides, Salt Tides an d Algae Bloom in China Algae blooms, or eutrophication, in lakes are caused by too much nutrients in the water. They turn lakes green and suffocate fish by depleting the oxygen. They are often caused by human and animal waste and run off of chemical fertilizers. Similar conditions create red tides in the sea. The government estimates that $240 million worth of damage and economic loses was caused by 45 major red tides between 1997 and 1999. Describing a red tide near the town of Aotoum that left the seas blanketed with dead fish and fishermen badly in debt, a fisherman told the Los Angeles Times, The sea turned dark, like tea. If you talk to the fishermen around here, theyll all break into tears. In some places the Chinese have tried to minimize the damage caused by algae blooms by pumping oxygen into the water and containing the blooms by adding clay which acts as a magnet for algae. A lack funds keeps China from tackling the problem using more conventional means. A severe drought in 2006, caused large amounts of seawater to flow upstream on the Xinjiang River in southern China. In Macau salinity levels in the river jumped to almost three time above the World Health Organization standards. To combat the problem water was diverted into it from the Beijiang River in Guangdong. Water Bodies Struck by Algae Blooms in China Red tides have increased in their numbers and severity in coastal areas of China, particularly in Bohai Bay off eastern China, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Large red tides have occurred around the Zhoushan Islands near Shanghai. In May and June 2004, two huge red tides, covering a total area size of 1. 3 million soccer fields, developed in Bohai Bay. One occurred near the mouth of the Yellow River and affected an area of 1,850 square kilometers. Another struck near the port city of Tianjin and covered nearly 3,200 square kilometers. It was blamed on the dumping of large amounts of waste water and sewage into the bay and rivers leading into the bay. In June 2007, coastal waters off the booming industrial town of Shenzhen were hit by one the biggest ever red tides. It produced a 50 square kilometer slick and was caused by pollution and persisted because of a lack of rain. There were large algae blooms in freshwater lakes throughout China in 2007. Some were blamed on pollution. Others were blamed on drought. In Jiangsu Province the water level in one lake dropped to its lowest level in 50 years and became inundated with blue-green algae that produced smelly, undrinkable water. Lake Tai Pollution Lake Tai is often choked with industrial waste from factories producing paper, film and dyes, urban sewage and agricultural run-off. It sometimes is covered with green algae as a result of nitrogen and phosphate pollution. Locals complain of polluted irrigation water that causes their skin to peal, dyes that turn the water red and fumes that sting their eyes. Dams built for flood control and irrigation have prevented Lake Tai’s from flushing out pesticides and fertilizers that flow into it. Particularly damaging are phosphates which suck out life-sustaining oxygen. Starting in the 1980s a number of chemical factories were built on its shores. As of the late 1990s there were 2,800 chemical factories around the lake, some of which released their waste directly into the lake in the middle of the night to avoid detection. Lake Tai Algae Blooms Algae bloom in Lake Tai In the summer of 2007, large algae blooms covered parts of Lake Tai and Lake Chao, China’s third and fifth largest freshwater lakes, making the water undrinkable and producing a terrible stench. Two million of residents of Wuxi, who normally rely on water from the Lake Tai for drinking water, couldnt bathe or wash dishes and hoarded bottled water that rose in price from $1 a bottle to $6 a bottle. Some turned on their taps only to have sludge emerge. The bloom on Lake Tai lasted for six days until it was flushed out by rain and water diverted from the Yangtze River. The bloom on Lake Chao did not threaten water supplies. Reporting from Zhoutie, near Lake Tai, William Wan wrote in Washington Post, â€Å"You smell the lake before you see it, an overwhelming stench like rotten eggs mixed with manure. The visuals are just as bad, the shore caked with toxic blue-green algae. Farther out, where the algae is more diluted but equally fueled by pollution, it swirls with the currents, a vast network of green tendrils across the surface of Tai Lake. [Source: William Wan, Washington Post, October 29, 2010] â€Å" Such pollution problems are now widespread in China after three decades of unbridled economic growth. But whats surprising about Tai Lake is the money and attention thats been spent on the problem and how little either has accomplished. Some of the countrys highest-ranking leaders, including Premier Wen Jiabao, have declared it a national priority. Millions of dollars have been poured into the cleanup. And yet, the lake is still a mess. The water remains undrinkable, the fish nearly gone, the fetid smell lingering over villages. [Ibid] At Tai Lake, part of the problem is that the same industrial factories poisoning the water also transformed the region into an economic powerhouse. Shutting them down, local leaders say, would destroy the economy overnight. In fact, many of the factories shut down during the 2007 scandal have since reopened under different names, environmentalists say. † [Ibid] â€Å"Tai Lake is the embodiment of Chinas losing fight against pollution. This summer, the government said that, despite stricter rules, pollution is rising again across the country in key categories such as emissions of sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain. Just months before, the government had revealed that water pollution was more than twice as severe as previous official figures had shown. † [Ibid] The algae bloom on Lake Tai was caused by toxic cyanobacteria, commonly called pond scum. It turned much of the lake florescent green and produced a terrible stench that could be smelled miles away from the lake. The Lake Tai bloom became a symbol of China’s lack of environmental regulations. Afterwards a high-level meeting on the lake’s future was convened, with Beijing closing down hundreds of chemical factories and promising to spend $14. 4 billion to clean up the lake.