Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables †Engineering Essay

Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables – Engineering Essay Free Online Research Papers Electrodialysis of Deep Sea Water for the Production of Value Added Vegetables Engineering Essay Abstract The present research was carried out to apply deep sea water to hydroponics in order to improve the yield and nutritional value of vegetables. Deep sea water was electrodialyzed using a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions, and then it was used to prepare nutrient solutions for the hydroponical production of spinach. Experimental results showed that sodium chloride was removed selectively from deep sea water by electrodialysis. The highest yield of spinach with a normal content of nutritional components was obtained when the electrodialyzed deep sea water of 5 dS/m was applied in nutrient solution. Increasing the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water caused an increase in the total ascorbic acid content but a decrease in the yield of spinach. Keywords: deep sea water, electrodialysis, ion concentration, hydroponics, nutrient solution, vegetable, yield, nutritional value 1. Introduction Deep sea water contains more than 80 kinds of inorganic elements (Nozaki, 1997) and some organic substances. It is almost free of harmful bacteria and has a constant temperature of 4-6 ? at a depth of 500 m. These characteristics have brought deep sea water many applications in marine products industry, food industry and health drink manufacturing (Watanabe, 2000; Yamaoka, 2000; Nakagawa, 2000). Vegetables are produced hydroponically using nutrient solution that usually contains only 17 kinds of elements. Applying deep sea water to nutrient solution is the best way to provide its components to vegetables, which is expected to result in the improvement of nutritional value of vegetables. Some of the components existing in deep sea water might have growth promotion effects on vegetables, however, surplus sodium chloride must be removed. The objectives of the present work were (1) to selectively remove sodium chloride from deep sea water, (2) to prepare nutrient solution with deep sea water for the hydroponical production of spinach, and (3) to investigate the effect of deep sea water on yield and content of nutritional components of spinach. 2. Experimental 2-1 Deep sea water Deep sea water was obtained from a depth of 500 m in the Pacific Ocean at a latitude of 33Â °56’N and a longitude of 136Â °21’E, where is near Owase City, Mie Prefecture, Japan. Surface sea water was also obtained at the same place. The sea water was stored at 5 ? before used. 2-2 Electrodialysis of deep sea water A small-scale electrodialyzer?(Micro Acilyzer S3, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) fit up with a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions (AC-110-550, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.) was used to remove sodium chloride (NaCl) from the sea water. Figure 1 shows its basic principles (Azuma, 1997). When a direct voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, cation existing in stream moves toward the cathode, while anion in stream moves toward the anode. Cation may be passed through cation-exchange membranes but stopped by anion-exchange membranes, and anion may be passed through anion-exchange membranes but stopped by cation-exchange membranes, which results in moving of monovalent ions from the dilution stream to the concentration stream. The sea water was electrodialyzed at a voltage of 10 V. Electrical conductivity of the electrodialyzed sea water was measured at 25 ? using an electrical conductivity meter (CM-40S, TOA Co., Ltd.). Potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) existing in the electrodialyzed sea water were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AA-6200, Shimadzu Co., Ltd.). 2-3 Hydroponics of spinach A schematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for hydroponics is shown in Fig. 2. The bed was 600 mm long, 420 mm wide and 110 mm high, and it contained 25 L of nutrient solution. Air was supplied into the nutrient solution using an air pump. The deep sea water was electrodialyzed to an electrical conductivity of 5, 9, 16, 25 dS/m (25 ?) respectively, and then diluted with deionized water by 10 times in volume ratio before used to prepare nutrient solutions. Deionized water was used as the control condition, assuming that its electrical conductivity was 0 dS/m. Elements of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) were controlled at the same concentrations for all nutrient solutions as the prescription B of OTSUKA HOUSE (Otsuka Chemical Co., Ltd.). A same amount of iron (Fe), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and molybdenum (Mo) were added to all nutrient solutions, neglecting the original existence of these elements in the water used. Table 1 summarizes ion concentration, pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions. The nutrient solutions had an identical pH at 6.1, but different electrical conductivities ranging from 2.4 to 5.1 dS/m due to their different content of inorganic elements. Six beds with different nutrient solutions were placed in an artificial weather room. Twenty plants of spinach were grown in each bed for 21 days after transplantation. As shown in Fig.3, the artificial weather room had a light intensity of 175 ?mol/m2s, temperature of 23 ?, relative humidity of 70 % at light period from 6:00 to 18:00, and a temperature of 18 ?, relative humidity of 85 % at dark period from 18:00 to the next 6:00. All the nutrient solutions were kept at the same level in the beds. Changes in pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions were measured. Fresh matter of spinach was investigated by weighing the leaf and stem of each plant immediately after the harvest. Moisture (60?-48 h), crude ash (600?) and total ascorbic acid (Sakaki, 1983; The Vitamin Society of Japan, 1990) contained in the leaf of spinach were analyzed. 3. Results and Discussion 3-1 Variation of ion concentration during the electrodialysis of deep sea water Deep sea water and surface sea water had an electrical conductivity of 45, 50 dS/m, respectively. As shown in Fig.4, the electrical conductivity of deep sea water was reduced from 45 dS/m to 10 dS/m by electrodialysis. K concentration decreased from 619 ppm to 21 ppm, and Na concentration decreased from 11,212 ppm to 999 ppm in correspondence with the decrease of electrical conductivity. For both deep sea water and surface sea water, K oncentration (Ck, ppm) and Na concentration (Cna, ppm) could be expressed as a linear function of electrical conductivity (Ec, dS/m) respectively, in the range of 10 to 50 dS/m as follows: (R2=0.934) (1) (R2=0.985) (2) The concentrations of Ca and Mg did not change in the electrical conductivity range of 50 to 25 dS/m, and they decreased slightly when the electrical conductivity decreased from 25 to 10 dS/m as shown in Fig. 5. The decreases in the concentrations of Ca and Mg were much smaller than those of K and Na. It is clear that monovalent ions were selectively removed, while most of non-monovalent ions were left in the electrodialysis of deep sea water. 3-2 Growth of spinach in hydroponics The changes in pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions during growing of spinach are shown in Fig. 6. All the nutrient solutions were exchanged on the 14th day because of the increases in both pH and electrical conductivity of the nutrient solutions. pH increased identically from 6.1 to 7.0, but the electrical conductivity varied differently. The electrical conductivity of nutrient solution DSW0 was almost constant at 2.7 dS/m, while the electrical conductivity of nutrient solution DSW25 increased from 5.1 to 5.8 dS/m. The increase of electrical conductivity related to the accumulation of inorganic elements in the nutrient solution. The effect of salinity of electrodialzed deep sea water on spinach yield is shown in Fig.7. The mean fresh matter of spinach was 32.7 g/plant at 0 dS/m. It had the highest value of 33.5 g/plant at 5 dS/m, and then decreased linearly with the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water in the range of 9 to 25 dS/m. In the t test (Abacus Concepts, Inc., 1996; Morita, 1973), however, the differences in mean fresh matter, however, were not significant expect that at 25 dS/m. The moisture content and crude ash content of spinach were approximately constant at 92 %,w.b. and 2.0 %,w.b. respectively, in the salinity range of 0 to 25 dS/m as shown in Fig. 8. The effect of salinity of electrodialzed deep sea water on total ascorbic acid content of spinach is shown in Fig.9. Total ascorbic acid content was almost constant at 28.5 mg/100g in the range of 0 to 9 dS/m, and increased with the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water ranging from 9 to 25 dS/m. 4. Conclusions 1) Sodium chloride was removed from deep sea water without a big loss of non-monovalent ions by electrodialysis using a selective membrane cartridge for the exchange of monovalent ions. K concentration and Na concentration of the electrodialyzed deep sea water could be expressed as a linear function of its electrical conductivity, respectively. 2) After electrodialyzed to an electrical conductivity of 0 to 25 dS/m, and then diluted with deionized water by 10 times in volume ratio, deep sea water could be used to prepare nutrient solution for hydroponics of spinach. 3) Spinach had the highest yield and almost the same content of moisture, crude ash and total ascorbic acid when the electrodialyzed deep sea water of 5 dS/m was applied. Increasing the salinity of electrodialyzed deep sea water caused an increase in the total ascorbic acid but a decrease in the yield of spinach. Acknowledgment This work was financially supported by Mie Prefecture and Owase City, Mie Prefecture through a grant for feasibility study on the utilization of deep sea water. The authors are grateful to Mr. I. Azuma, manager of Industrial Membranes Division, Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. for kindly offering the electrodialyzer, Micro Acilyzer S3 and valuable advice. Literature Cited Abacus Concepts, Inc., 1996. StatView. Azuma I., 1997. The actual operation data and process design of brackish water desalination plant by electrodialysis. Journal of Nippon Kaisui Gakkai, 51(4), 171-179. Kawakita, H. et al., 1995. Fundamental Investigation of Deep Sea Water (Part 2) (in Japanese). Report of Kouchi Prefecture Industrial Technology Center, No.26, 8-12. Morita Y., 1975. Introduction to Statistics (in Japanese). Asakura Publishing Company, Ltd., Tokyo, 20-21. Nakagawa, K., et al., 2000. Manufacturing of Drinks Using Deep Sea Water (in Japanese). Kaiyo Monthly, No.22, 95-100. Nozaki, Y., 1997. Updated (1996 version) Table of the Elements in Seawater and its Remarks (in Japanese). Journal of Nippon Kaisui Gakkai, 51(5), 302-307. Sakaki T., N. Kondo, 1983. Breakdown of Photosynthetic Pigments and Lipids in Spinach Leaves with Ozone Fumigation: Role of Active Oxygen, Physiol. Plant, 59, 28-34. The Vitamin Society of Japan Ed., 1990. Vitamin Analysis. Kagaku-doujin Publishing Co., Inc., Tokyo, 135-143. Watanabe, M., 2000. Raising of Fishes with Deep Sea Water (in Japanese). Kaiyo Monthly, No.22, 62-68. Yamaoka,Y., 2000. Culturing of Microalgae with Deep Sea Water for the Production of Health Foods and Pigments (in Japanese). Kaiyo Monthly, No.22, 81-84. 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Water Pollution in China Essay Example for Free

Water Pollution in China Essay River like blood in Roxian, Guangxi About one third of the industrial waste water and more than 90 percent of household sewage in China is released into rivers and lakes without being treated. Nearly 80 percent of Chinas cities (278 of them) have no sewage treatment facilities and few have plans to build any and underground water supplies in 90 percent of the cites are contaminated. Water shortages and water pollution in China are such a problem that the World Bank warns of â€Å"catastrophic consequences for future generations. † Half of China’s population lacks safe drinking water. Nearly two thirds of China’s rural population—more than 500 million people—use water contaminated by human and industrial waste. In summer of 2011, the China government reported 43 percent of state-monitored rivers are so polluted, theyre unsuitable for human contact. By one estimate one sixth of China’s population is threatened by seriously polluted water. One study found that eight of 10 Chinese coastal cities discharge excessive amounts of sewage and pollutants into the sea, often near coastal resorts and sea farming areas. Water pollution is especially bad along the coastal manufacturing belt. Despite the closure of thousands of paper mills, breweries, chemical factories and other potential sources of contamination, the water quality along a third of the waterway falls far below even the modest standards that the government requires. Most of China’s rural areas have no system in place to treat waste water. A study by China’s Environmental Protection Agency in February 2010 said that water pollution levels were double what the government predicted them to be mainly because agricultural waste was ignored. China’s s first pollution census in 2010 revealed farm fertilizer was a bigger source of water contamination than factory effluent. water pollution by Caijing Water pollution—caused primarily by industrial waste, chemical fertilizers and raw sewage— accounts for half of the $69 billion that the Chinese economy loses to pollution every year. About 11. 7 million pounds of organic pollutants are emitted into Chinese waters very day, compared to 5. 5 in the United States, 3. 4 in Japan, 2. 3 in Germany, 3. 2 in India, and 0. in South Africa. Water consumed by people in China contains dangerous levels of arsenic, fluorine and sulfates. An estimated 980 million of China’s 1. 3 billion people drink water every day that is partly polluted. More than 600 million Chinese drink water contaminated with human or animal wastes and 20 million people drink well water contaminated with high levels of radiation. A large number of arsenic-tainted water have been discovered. China’s high rates of liver, stomach and esophageal cancer have been linked to water pollution. In many cases factories fouling critical water sources are making goods consumed by people in the U. S. and Europe. Problems created by China’s water pollution are not just confined to China either. Water pollution and garbage produced in China floats down its rivers to the sea and is carried by prevailing winds and currents to Japan and South Korea. Water pollution and shortages are a more serious problem in northern China than southern China. The percentage of water considered unfit for human consumption is 45 percent in northern China, compared to 10 percent in southern China. Some 80 percent of the rivers in the northern province of Shanxi have been rated â€Å"unfit for human contact. † A poll conducted by the Pew Research Center before the 2008 Olympics found that 68 percent of the Chinese interviewed said they were concerned about water pollution. Effects of Water Pollution in China Waters that used to team with fish and welcome swimmers now have film and foam at the top and give off bad smells. Canals are often covered layers of floating trash, with the deposits particularly thick on the banks. Most of it is plastic containers in a variety of sun-bleached colors. Deformities in fish such as one or no eyes and misshapen skeletons and a decreasing numbers of rare wild Chinese sturgeon in the Yangtze has been blamed on a paint chemical widely used in Chinese industry. China is the largest polluter of the Pacific Ocean. Offshore dead zones — oxygen-starved areas in the sea that are virtually devoid off life — are not only found in shallow water but also in deep water. They are mainly created by agricultural run-off—namely fertilizer—and reach their peak in the summer. In the spring freshwater creates a barrier layer, cutting off the salt water below from the oxygen in the air. Warm water and fertilizers cause algae blooms. Dead algae sinks to the bottom and is decomposed by bacteria, depleting oxygen in deep water. Water Pollution and Health and Protests Nearly two thirds of China’s rural population—more than 500 million people—use water contaminated by human and industrial waste. Accordingly it is not all that surprising that gastrointestinal cancer is now the number one killer in the countryside, More than 130 residents of two villages in Guangxi Province in southern China were poisoned by arsenic-contaminated water. Arsenic showed up in their urine. The source is believed to be waste from a nearby metallurgy factory. In August 2009, a thousand villagers gathered outside a government office in Zhentouu township in Hunan Province to protests a the presence of the Xiange Chemical factory, which villagers say has polluted water used to irrigate rice and vegetables and caused at least two deaths in the area. Sources of Water Pollution Major polluters include chemical factories, drug manufactures, fertilizer makers, tanneries, paper mills. In October 2009, Greenpeace identified five industrial facilities in southern China’s Pearl River delta that were dumping poisonous metals and chemicals—such as beryllium, manganese, nonylphenol and tetrabromobisphenol— into water used by local residents for drinking. The group found the toxins in pipes that led from the facilities. In February 2008 the Fuan textile factory, a multimillion dollar operation in Guangdong Province that produces enormous quantities of T-shirts and other clothes for export, was shut down for dumping waste from dyes into the Maozhou River and turning the water red. It turned out the factory produced 47,000 tons of waste a day and could only process 20,000 tons with the rest being dumped into the river. It latter quietly reopened in a new location. Polluted Chinese Rivers and Lakes China has some of the worlds worst water pollution. All of Chinas lakes and rivers are polluted to some degree. According to a Chinese government report, 70 percent of rivers, lakes and waterways are seriously polluted, many so seriously they have no fish, and 78 percent of the water from Chinas rivers is not fit for human consumption. In a middle class development near Nanjing call Straford a polluted river has buried underground in giant pipe while a new ornamental river, rally a lake, has been built above it. According to one government survey, 436 of China’s 532 rivers are polluted, with more than half of them too polluted to serve as sources of drinking water, and 13 of 15 sectors of Chinas seven largest rivers are seriously polluted. The most polluted rivers are in the east and south around the major population centers with the pollution getting worse the further downstream one goes. In some cases each city along a river dumps pollutants outside their city limits, creating increasingly more pollution for the cities down stream. Chinese environmentalist Ma Jun said, ‘What’s not receiving attention is the destruction of the river ecosystem, which I think will have long-tern effects on our water resources. ’ Many rivers are filled with garbage, heavy metals and factory chemicals. Suzhou Creek in Shanghai stinks of human waste and effluence from pig farms. There have been devastating fish kills caused by the release of chemicals into the Haozhongou River in Anhui province and Min Jiang River in Sichuan Province. The Huai flows through densely populated farmland between the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. Bottlenecks and elevation changes make the river both prone to flooding and collecting pollutants. Half the checkpoints along the Huai River in central and eastern China revealed pollution levels of â€Å"Grade 5 or worse, with pollutants detected in ground water 300 meters below the river. The Huai river in Anhui province is so polluted all the fish have died and people have to drink bottled water to avoid getting sick. Some places have water that is too toxic to touch and leaves behind scum when it is boiled. Here, crops have been destroyed by irrigation water from the river; fish farms have been wiped out; and fishermen have lost their livelihoods. The South-North Water Transfer Project—which will travel through the Huai basin—is likely to deliver water that is dangerously polluted. The Qingshui River, a tributary of the Huai whose names means â€Å"clear water,† has turned black with trails of yellow foam from pollution from small mines that have opened up to meet the demand for magnesium, molybdenum and vanadium used in the booming steel industry. River samples indicate unhealthy levels of magnesium and chromium. The vanadium refineries foul the water and produce smokes that deposits a yellowing powder on teh countryside. The Liao River is also a mess. Gains made with new water treatment facilities have been canceled out by higher than ever levels of industrial pollution. In May 2007, 11 companies along the Songhua River, including local food companies, were ordered to shut down because of the heavily-polluted water they dumped into the river. A survey found that 80 percent exceeded pollution discharge limits. One company turned off pollution control devices and dumped sewage directly into the river. In March 2008 contamination of the Dongjing River with ammonia, nitrogen and metal-cleaning chemicals turned the water red and foamy and forced authorities to cut water supplies for at least 200,000 people in Hubei Province in central China. Cancer Villages and Polluted Waterways in China According to the World Bank, 60,000 people die each year from diarrhea, bladder and stomach cancer and other diseases directly caused by water-borne pollution. A study by the WHO came with a much higher figure. Cancer village is a term used to describe villages or towns where cancer rates have risen dramatically because of pollution. There are said to be around 100 cancer villages along the Huai River and its tributaries in Henan Province, especially on the Shaying River. Death rates on Huai River are 30 percent higher than the national average. In 1995, the government declared that water from a Huai tributary was undrinkable and the water supply for 1 million people was cut off. The military had to truck in water for a month until 1,111 paper mills and 413 other industrial plants on the river were shut down. In the village of Huangmengying—where a once-clear stream is now greenish black from factory wastes—cancer accounted for 11 of the 17 deaths in 2003. Both the river and well water in the village—the main source of drinking water—have an acrid smell and taste produced by pollutants dumped upstream by tanneries, paper mills, a huge MSG plant, and other factories. Cancer had been rare when the stream was clear. Tuanjieku is town six kilometers northwest of Xian that still uses an ancient system of moats to irrigate its crops. The moats unfortunately don’t drain so well and are now badly contaminated by household discharges and industrial waste. Visitors to the town are often overwhelmed by the rotten egg smell and feel faint after five minutes of breathing in the air. Vegetables produced in the fields are discolored and sometimes black. Residents suffer from abnormally high cancer rates. One third of peasants in the village Badbui are mentally ill or seriously ill. Women report high numbers of miscarriages and many people die in middle age. The culprit is believed to be drinking water drawn from the Yellow River downstream from a fertilizer plant. The waters around Taizhou in Zhejiang, the home of Hisun Pharmaceutical, one of China’s largest drug makers, are so contaminated with sludge and chemicals that fishermen complain their hands and legs become ulcerated, and in extreme cases need amputation. Studies have show that people who live around the city have high cancer and birth defect rates. Polluted Yangtze, Pearl and Yellow Rivers Chinas three great rivers—the Yangtze, Pearl and Yellow River—are so filthy that it is dangerous to swim or eat fish caught in them. Parts of the Pearl River in Guangzhou are so thick, dark and soupy it looks like one could walk across it. In recent years pollution has become a problem on the Yellow River. By one count 4,000 of China’s 20,000 petrochemical factories are on the Yellow River and a third of all fish species found in the Yellow River have become extinct because of dams, falling water levels, pollution and over fishing. More than 80 percent of the Hai-Huaih Yellow river basin is chronically polluted. In October 2006, a one kilometer section of the Yellow River turned red in the city of Lanzhou in Gansu Province as result of a â€Å"red and smelly† discharge from a sewage pipe. In December 2005, six tons of diesel oil leaked into a tributary of the Yellow River from a pipe that cracked because of freezing conditions. It produced a 40 mile long slick. Sixty-three water pumps had to be shut down, including some in Jinan, the capital of Shandong Province. The Yangtze River is polluted with 40 million tons of industrial and sewage waste. Half of China’s 20,000 petrochemical factories lie on its banks. About 40 percent of all waste water produced in China—about 25 billion tons—flows into the Yangtze, of which only about 20 percent is treated beforehand. The pollution has taken its toll on aquatic life. Fish catches from the river declined from 427,000 tons in the 1950s to 100,000 tons in the 1990s. The Yangtze is in danger of becoming a â€Å"dead river† unable to sustain marine life or providing drinking water. According to report by the Chinese Academy of Sciences released in April 2007 the Yangtze is seriously and largely irreversibly polluted. More than 600 kilometers of its length and almost 30 percent of its major tributaries are in critical condition. Sections of the Grand Canal that have water deep enough to accommodate boats are often filled with trash sewage and oil licks. Chemical waste and fertilizer and pesticide run-off empties into the canal. The water is mostly brownish green. People who drink it often get diarrhea and break out in rashes. Polluted Lakes, Canals and Coastal Areas in China Dead fish in Hangzhou pond Studies have showed that the quality of coastal waters are deteriorating quickly as a result of land-based pollution. The study found that 8. 3 billion tons of sewage was released in Guangdong Province’s coastal waters in 2006, 60 percent more than five years earlier. Altogether 12. million tons of polluted â€Å"material was dumped in waters off the southern province. Some lakes are in equally bad shape. China’s great lakes—the Tai, Chao and Dianchi—have water that is rated Grade V, the most degraded level. It is unfit for drinking or for agricultural or industrial use. Describing Chinas fifth-biggest lake a Wall Street Journal reporter wrote: The slow, hot days of summer are here, and sun-fed algae is starting to clot the milky surface of Chao Lake. Soon a living scum will carpet a patch the size of New York City. It will quickly blacken and rot  The smell is so terrible you can not describe it. † Canals, See Changzhou, Places Apple Accused of Making a River Runs Black In March 2012, Peter Smith wrote in The Times, Beyond the brick cottages of Tongxin runs Lou Xia Bang, once the soul of the farming village and a river where, until the digital revolution, children swam and mothers washed rice. Today it flows black: a chemical mess heavy with the stench of China’s high-tech industry — the hidden companion of the world’s most famous electronics brands and a reason the world gets its gadgets on the cheap. Source: Peter Smith, The Times, March 9, 2012] The article then goes on to describe how the town of Tongxin was being affected by chemical waste from local factories that, as well as turning the river black, has caused a â€Å"phenomenal† increase in cancer rates in Tongxin (according to research by five Chinese non-governmental organisations). The factories have grown up in the last few years and make circuit boards, touch screens and the casings of smartphones, laptops and tablet computers. As usual in these cases, Apple as mentioned – although the evidence appears to be a little sketchy as to whether these factories are actually players in the Apple supply chain. [Source: Spendmatter UK/Europe blog] Smith wrote in the Times: â€Å"Workers at the Kaedar factory, five metres from a kindergarten where children have complained of dizziness and nausea, have secretly confirmed that products had left the factory bearing the Apple trademark. † Red Tides, Salt Tides an d Algae Bloom in China Algae blooms, or eutrophication, in lakes are caused by too much nutrients in the water. They turn lakes green and suffocate fish by depleting the oxygen. They are often caused by human and animal waste and run off of chemical fertilizers. Similar conditions create red tides in the sea. The government estimates that $240 million worth of damage and economic loses was caused by 45 major red tides between 1997 and 1999. Describing a red tide near the town of Aotoum that left the seas blanketed with dead fish and fishermen badly in debt, a fisherman told the Los Angeles Times, The sea turned dark, like tea. If you talk to the fishermen around here, theyll all break into tears. In some places the Chinese have tried to minimize the damage caused by algae blooms by pumping oxygen into the water and containing the blooms by adding clay which acts as a magnet for algae. A lack funds keeps China from tackling the problem using more conventional means. A severe drought in 2006, caused large amounts of seawater to flow upstream on the Xinjiang River in southern China. In Macau salinity levels in the river jumped to almost three time above the World Health Organization standards. To combat the problem water was diverted into it from the Beijiang River in Guangdong. Water Bodies Struck by Algae Blooms in China Red tides have increased in their numbers and severity in coastal areas of China, particularly in Bohai Bay off eastern China, the East China Sea and the South China Sea. Large red tides have occurred around the Zhoushan Islands near Shanghai. In May and June 2004, two huge red tides, covering a total area size of 1. 3 million soccer fields, developed in Bohai Bay. One occurred near the mouth of the Yellow River and affected an area of 1,850 square kilometers. Another struck near the port city of Tianjin and covered nearly 3,200 square kilometers. It was blamed on the dumping of large amounts of waste water and sewage into the bay and rivers leading into the bay. In June 2007, coastal waters off the booming industrial town of Shenzhen were hit by one the biggest ever red tides. It produced a 50 square kilometer slick and was caused by pollution and persisted because of a lack of rain. There were large algae blooms in freshwater lakes throughout China in 2007. Some were blamed on pollution. Others were blamed on drought. In Jiangsu Province the water level in one lake dropped to its lowest level in 50 years and became inundated with blue-green algae that produced smelly, undrinkable water. Lake Tai Pollution Lake Tai is often choked with industrial waste from factories producing paper, film and dyes, urban sewage and agricultural run-off. It sometimes is covered with green algae as a result of nitrogen and phosphate pollution. Locals complain of polluted irrigation water that causes their skin to peal, dyes that turn the water red and fumes that sting their eyes. Dams built for flood control and irrigation have prevented Lake Tai’s from flushing out pesticides and fertilizers that flow into it. Particularly damaging are phosphates which suck out life-sustaining oxygen. Starting in the 1980s a number of chemical factories were built on its shores. As of the late 1990s there were 2,800 chemical factories around the lake, some of which released their waste directly into the lake in the middle of the night to avoid detection. Lake Tai Algae Blooms Algae bloom in Lake Tai In the summer of 2007, large algae blooms covered parts of Lake Tai and Lake Chao, China’s third and fifth largest freshwater lakes, making the water undrinkable and producing a terrible stench. Two million of residents of Wuxi, who normally rely on water from the Lake Tai for drinking water, couldnt bathe or wash dishes and hoarded bottled water that rose in price from $1 a bottle to $6 a bottle. Some turned on their taps only to have sludge emerge. The bloom on Lake Tai lasted for six days until it was flushed out by rain and water diverted from the Yangtze River. The bloom on Lake Chao did not threaten water supplies. Reporting from Zhoutie, near Lake Tai, William Wan wrote in Washington Post, â€Å"You smell the lake before you see it, an overwhelming stench like rotten eggs mixed with manure. The visuals are just as bad, the shore caked with toxic blue-green algae. Farther out, where the algae is more diluted but equally fueled by pollution, it swirls with the currents, a vast network of green tendrils across the surface of Tai Lake. [Source: William Wan, Washington Post, October 29, 2010] â€Å" Such pollution problems are now widespread in China after three decades of unbridled economic growth. But whats surprising about Tai Lake is the money and attention thats been spent on the problem and how little either has accomplished. Some of the countrys highest-ranking leaders, including Premier Wen Jiabao, have declared it a national priority. Millions of dollars have been poured into the cleanup. And yet, the lake is still a mess. The water remains undrinkable, the fish nearly gone, the fetid smell lingering over villages. [Ibid] At Tai Lake, part of the problem is that the same industrial factories poisoning the water also transformed the region into an economic powerhouse. Shutting them down, local leaders say, would destroy the economy overnight. In fact, many of the factories shut down during the 2007 scandal have since reopened under different names, environmentalists say. † [Ibid] â€Å"Tai Lake is the embodiment of Chinas losing fight against pollution. This summer, the government said that, despite stricter rules, pollution is rising again across the country in key categories such as emissions of sulfur dioxide, which causes acid rain. Just months before, the government had revealed that water pollution was more than twice as severe as previous official figures had shown. † [Ibid] The algae bloom on Lake Tai was caused by toxic cyanobacteria, commonly called pond scum. It turned much of the lake florescent green and produced a terrible stench that could be smelled miles away from the lake. The Lake Tai bloom became a symbol of China’s lack of environmental regulations. Afterwards a high-level meeting on the lake’s future was convened, with Beijing closing down hundreds of chemical factories and promising to spend $14. 4 billion to clean up the lake.

Defining the Victorian Woman Essay -- Expository Definition Essays

Defining the Victorian Woman      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Victorian Age, there existed a certain ideology of what constituted the perfect Victorian woman. In the beginning of the eighteenth century, young girls began attending schools that offered basic skills such as reading, writing, and math. Manuals of etiquette and conduct instructed young girls in manners of society and the home (Basch 3). All of this prepared a young woman for marriage, which, in the nineteenth century, was "put forward as being the culminating point of a woman's life" (Basch 16). Thus, the perfect woman was also the perfect wife, an active part of the family, with specific regard to the children (Vicinus ix). Yet, although the perfect woman was a married woman, not all marriages were perfect. Victorian society set strict standards for the roles of women, specifically middle class women, as wives and mothers. Women often did not benefit from being married in many respects, such as their personal rights. In addition, the census of 1850 "revealed a significant imbalance between the sexes," creating a surplus of single women (Lerner 176). Many of these single women joined the ranks of spinsters and old maids due to this imbalance in the population. However, society did not give unmarried women the same roles as married women. Society challenged these women because it believed that a woman without a husband was worthless. Society did not respect the position of these unmarried women, often making them outcasts. Yet, there esd a small sect of unmarried women that did not allow society's rules to interfere with their idea of what life should be like. Th... ... or said. Instead, old maids flung themselves at life, unattached and uninhibited, in the best possible way so as to get as much out of it as possible. Supported historically by the likes of great Victorian female authors, these old maids laughed at life, and themselves, showing the perfect Victorian wives there could be more to life than fitting society's mold. Works Cited    Auerbach, Nina. Woman and the Demon: The Life of a Victorian Myth. London: Harvard UP, 1982.    Basch, Francoise. Relative Creatures: Victorian Women in Society and the Novel. New York: Schocken, 1974.    Lerner, Laurence. The Victorians. New York: Homes and Meier, 1978.    Vicinus, Martha. Introduction.The Perfect Victorian Lady. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1972. Vii - xv.         Ã‚  

Questionnaire for Mcd

We are currently conducting a research on ethics of McDonald’s advertisement. We are surveying on the opinions of college students towards the ethics of McDonald’s advertisement. Are they really advertising their fast food ethically? Your response and feedback will be much appreciated. It will take 5 minutes to complete this questionnaire. Gender: Age: _20_ {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Male Female Which faculty do you study in? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Business Engineering Biomedical Law How often do you eat McDonald’s fast food every month? draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Seldom 1-3 times > 3 times What do you think about the taste of McDonald’s food? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Not tasty Tasty Very tasty Do you think that McDonald’s food is as tasty and attractive looking as shown in their advertisements? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No Do you think that McDonald’s advertisements are affecting kids to eat more fa st food? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No Do you think that McDonald’s food is as healthy as advertised? draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No Do you think that the information provided about the food by McDonald’s is complete and true? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No What factor makes you eat McDonald’s food? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Taste Advertisement/ Promotion Price Time saving Do you agree that McDonald’s advertisement has caused people to eat more and become more obese? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No Does the advertisement or promotion made by McDonald’s make you consume more McDonald’s fast food? draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No Do you think that McDonalds should put complete information about the nutrition in the food prepared in the advertisement? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No Consider this scenario: You are the sales manager of McDonald’s and you have to make a decision in a meeting with colleagues to decide on th e advertising plans for McDonald’s. Your colleagues suggested that you should advertise McDonald’s food as healthy as the society now is getting more conscious of health issues. However, you know that McDonald’s food is not the ideal healthy food. What would you do? {draw:rect} Advertise McDonald’s food as healthy and earn more profits in order to get a higher commission. {draw:rect} Gives full information about McDonald’s food and risk your job as a sales manager because it may affect the sales. When you buy burger from McDonald’s, does it exactly look like how it is advertised? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No If no, do you feel that you are misled by the advertisement? {draw:rect} {draw:rect} Yes No

Definition and Examples of Abbreviations in English

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase, such as Jan. for January. The abbreviated form of the word abbreviation is  abbr. — or, less commonly, abbrv. or abbrev. In American English, many abbreviations are followed by a period (Dr., Ms.). In contrast, British usage generally favors omitting the period (or full stop) in abbreviations that include the first and last letters of a single word (Dr, Ms). When an abbreviation appears at the end of a sentence, a single period serves both to mark the abbreviation and to close the sentence. Linguist David Crystal notes that abbreviations are a major component of the English writing system, not a marginal feature. The largest dictionaries of abbreviations contain well over half a million entries, and their number is increasing all the time (Spell It Out, 2014). Here are some common examples of variousl types of abbreviations: AcronymBackronymCommonly Confused Latin Abbreviations in EnglishCommon Revision Symbols and AbbreviationsCommon Scholarly AbbreviationsE.g. and I.e.Etc. and Et al.InitialeseInitialismLogograph Etymology Abbreviation comes from the Latin word brevis meaning short. Examples and Observations In general, spell out the names of government bureaus and agencies, well-known organizations, companies, etc., on first reference. In later references, use short forms like the agency or the company when possible because handfuls of initials make for mottled typography and choppy prose.Abbreviations may be ironic, humorous, or whimsical: for example, the rail link between the town of Bedford and the London station of St. Pancras is locally known as the Bedpan Line; a comparable link for Boston, New York, and Washington is the Bosnywash circuit. Comments on life may be telescoped into such sardonic packages as: BOGSAT a Bunch Of Guys Sitting Around a Table (making decisions about other people); GOMER Get Out of My Emergency Room (said by physicians to hypochondriacs); MMMBA Miles and Miles of Bloody Africa (an in-group term among people who have to travel those miles); TGIF Thank God Its Friday (after a particularly hard working week).AbbrevesToday, the fave (for favorite’) abb reves are obvi (a shortening of Thank you, Captain Obvious’) and belig (a clipping of belligerent, retaining the soft g). Nobody in the young-barflies crowd orders the usual’; it’s the yoozh. My grandnephew Jesse concludes sentences with whatev, which is probs (for probably’) whatever. In this cacophony of abbreves, word endings are scattered all over the floor. Go fig.Tote-SpeakYou see it on Twitter a lot, people exclaiming about their  totes  delish spags  or their  totes  redic boyfs. Linguists Lauren Spradlin and Taylor Jones call this  practice totesing — the systematic abbreviation (abbreviash) of words to effect a certain tone.  The fad  might have started with totally becoming  totes,  but at this point, no entry in the English lexicon  is safe.Twitter SpeakThe following are some  real words  produced by real human beings on Twitter:Totes tradge  (tragic):  David Bowie dying is totes tradge.Bluebs  (blueberri es):  Bluebs in yog  are my favorite snack.Totes  emosh  (emotional): When Cookie hugged Jamal it made me  totes emosh.iPh  (iPhone): OMG I dropped my iPh!If you’re not a millennial — and even if you are — you might think totesing  is  atrosh  and  unprofesh.  But get used to it.  Though no one is quite sure where it came from, this way of  speaking has been around for well over a decade.LogogramsLogograms . . . play a part in the English writing system: these are cases where a word is not just shortened, but entirely replaced with a symbol. Examples include for at,  Ã‚ £ for pound, % for per cent, and for plus. The ampersand, , is one of the oldest. It is a collapsed version of the Latin word et, and: the bottom circle is whats left of the e, and the rising tail on the right is whats left of the t. Numerals are another kind that we read as 1, 2, 3, etc. as one, two, three... And it is part of the business of learning to read and wr ite to know when we should write words in their logographic form and when to spell them out. Sources A. Siegal,  The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, 1999 Tom McArthur,  The Oxford Companion to the English Language, 1992 William Safire, Abbreve  That Template.  The New York Times Magazine, May 21, 2009 Jeff Guo, The Totes  Amazesh  Way Millennials Are Changing the English Language.  The Washington Post, January 13, 2016 David Crystal,  Spell It Out. Picador, 2014